Raymond’s Run Essay

Raymond's Run Essay This is a story by the writer Toni Cade Bambara who describes the events that take place in the life of a skinny girl named Hazel Elizabeth Deborah Parker, a little African-American girl with a squeaky voice that has passion to run. However the tale begins describing the members of her family, the author writes more about Hazel and her brother Raymond. Raymond is not quite right; apparently he suffers a metal disease. He’s bigger and older than Hazel, but a lot of people call him Hazel's little brother because he needs to be looking after. Squeaky† often takes strolls down Broadway so she can practice her breathing exercises while she keeps an eye on her brother all the time. She makes Raymond walk on the inside because he always makes fantasies so he starts thinking he's a circus performer and that the curb is a tightrope strung high in the air. Hazel is known as Mercury because she is the swiftest thing in the neighborhood, only her father can beat her to Amsterdam Avenue with Hazel having a two hydrant head start and him running with his hands in his pockets and whistling. Hazel is loyal to her brother, always ready to protect him. She’s a person, who doesn't tolerate standing and listening talks from somebody else, she likes to get right over things quickly. She doesn’t like much a girl named Gretchen and her friends Mary Louise Williams from Baltimore and Rosie because Gretchen’s a potential rival for the fifty-yard dash. She believes she’s tough, not a strawberry or someone who enjoys dancing on her toes, she likes to run and this passion had made her to win many trophies, ribbons and it’s because of her velocity. Every time just before she takes off in a race, she feels like she is in a dream, the kind you have when you've fever and feel hot and weightless. She usually dreams she flies over a sandy beach in the early morning sun, touching the leaves of the trees. She also perceives the smell of apples just like in the country when she used to think she was a choo-choo train. Near the end Hazel competes against Gretchen P. Lewis at the May Day races, she wins and Gretchen comes in second. This result makes her realize that she is not the only working person who tries hard to get things done, so she started to look her rival in a very different way with a big smile of respect between them. So there she was, thinking about all the prices she’s have got and that she could retire by the time, it occurred to her that she could train her brother to become a champion as the tradition of the family is. Other characters: * Her family: The mother, father and George. * Cynthia Procter * Mr. Pearson (Jack the Beanstalk)

Business Ethics Term Paper Essay

So how did all of this pollution develop? One of the ways that Walmart has caused so much pollution is from their increased travel of customers and delivery trucks. Other pollution causes are non-point source water pollution, sprawl and auto pollution, and there is a large amount of energy use going on in the company. And while there are arguments about how Walmart is being reckless with the environment, there is also some good that Walmart is trying to do regarding the environment. While Walmart may not be as efficient as it would like to be when dealing with the environment they are trying to take steps towards it to make sure they are complying with all of the environmental standards. Walmart has a goal to be supplied 100% by renewable energy, to create zero waste, and to try to sell products that sustain people and the environment. These are some possible resolutions to this issue. A website that I found interesting pertaining to this was www. walmartwatch. com. The website states that its mission is to â€Å"hold Walmart fully accountable for its impact on communities, the American workforce, the retail sector, the environment and the nation’s economy. † I think ethically this is a good thing for someone to keep such a large company accountable for what it does. The next ethical issue that I came across was how Walmart exploits its workers and suppliers. Walmart is the world’s largest retail industry but it seems that they fail to use this for the good of its employees. According to Walmart watch the average pay a sales associate gets for being employed at Walmart is $8. 1 an hour. That comes to about $15,500 a year which is based on a full time status there of 34 hours. And most of the employees at Walmart aren’t even full time employees; most of it is part-time jobs which makes their annual salary even less. The problem that people have with this is that Walmart could be paying its employees more than they do n ow and this is where the ethical dilemma comes into play. The problem people may have with this is that in 2010 Walmart’s CEO Mike received 18. 7 million in total compensation. Walmart has also cut two of its longest standing benefits for employees. The first one that got cut was its profit sharing program, and the other one that got cut was that as of 2011, no new employees would any extra an hour for their work on Sundays. Another problem that arises with exploitation is that Walmart has unfair leverage on their suppliers and forces supplier outsourcing. On the other side of this issue is that Walmart does a good job in providing employment. Walmart employs 2. 1 million associates worldwide. This is a good thing that Walmart provides so many jobs especially in a tough economy. Some would argue that it has positive effects on our economy. It seems that everywhere I read that the negatives of employment at Walmart overpower the good. And because of this it is an ethical concern. I think that some of the possible resolutions would be to raise the wage for the employees so that they could be able to afford more. Also they should have kept their employee benefits that they cut. While Walmart may not take care of its employees as well as they should, there is really not argument for their corporate philanthropy. Some of the things they have done is that they donated approximately $800 million in value in 2011 and were name the biggest cash contributor by Chronicle of Philanthropy. Walmart also gave a $2 billion commitment to help end hunger in America. Walmart seems to be doing a very good job in dealing with its philanthropic responsibilities. Another ethical issue that I am going to discuss is the issue of Walmart being a monopoly and how because of this it is destroying other business around it. The reason people think that Walmart is a monopoly is that it owns the majority of the market shares. The reason people think this is because it is the largest in the world in sales by 50% more than its 5 closest competitors combined which includes Target and Sears Holding. Some reasons that it is considered to be a monopoly is that it dwarfs its competition and it affects the products prices and its choices. Walmart has the power to control prices or to get rid of the competition because of it. Walmart’s revenue $404 billion compared to other businesses is so much higher. For example, Macy’s brings in $25 billion in revenues while Sears brings in $46 billion. Because of Walmart’s large size and its buying power, Walmart is able to buy their products at very low prices. Walmart is able to strong arm its suppliers because of its ability to influence it. And while this may be a good thing for Walmart and the people that shop there, how does it affect other businesses in the area? Many people claim that the size of Walmart is hurting white collar businesses. Almost all businesses, big or small are impacted by what Walmart does. Walmart’s competitors are often forced to lower their prices because of Walmart’s ability to keep them so low and because these businesses aren’t as profitable as Walmart, they are often closed because of the lack of profit. The final ethical issue that comes up when talking about Walmart is the affect of Walmart’s low prices. Like stated above a consequence of the low prices are that it can destroy jobs but it also can affect the suppliers profits because of Walmart’s ability to force suppliers to go down on their prices. Because of these low prices thousands of manufacturing jobs have been moved overseas. An article that was written by Emer Basker talks about Walmart and if it is creating jobs or is it destroying jobs and also about the labor market effects on Walmart expansion. And on the other side of this issue the lower prices can be beneficial. Walmart’s slogan is saving money so people can live better. Yes the lower costs help people save money, but at what cost? According to forbes. com, Walmart is actually good for the economy. The lower prices that Walmart can offer to the public ends up benefiting everyone. An exchange of goods at low prices benefits everyone. Even though Walmart low prices seem to benefit everyone it still doesn’t have a very good reputation with the public. In a study done that I found on forbes. com, 24% of Americans think the company is bad for the economy, and 31% had an unfavorable view of it. So what are the stakeholders that are affected by all of these ethical issues? Some of the major stakeholders of Walmart are the owners of Walmart and the CEO, the employees and managers, and suppliers. Some of the secondary stakeholders would be other businesses and customers. Owners would have the most power, legitimacy, and urgency. The CEO and other owners would have the most power to get something done. They would be able to affect the business because they own the majority of the market share. They would also have the highest legitimacy; all of the things they say will be heard and taken care of. They would have the highest urgency in that they would get the businesses immediate attention. I don’t think that if any resolutions of the issues above would have any effect on the power, legitimacy, and urgency of the CEO or the owners. The employees and managers would have a lot less of the power. By doing research on this topic it seems to me that the employees aren’t really treated that well and that they really don’t have that much power. It’s the same for legitimacy and urgency in that they really don’t have much of that either. I don’t think that Walmart really takes into play the employees very much as stakeholders and if the employees ever wanted to get something changed they would have a hard time doing so because of their low power, legitimacy, and urgency. I don’t think that resolving any of the issues above would affect the employees as stakeholders. Some of the secondary stakeholders are other businesses and customers. I think first that the other businesses have absolutely none of the three. Walmart has dwarfed the competition so much that they could do nothing to affect any decision that Walmart would make. I think the customers have at least a little bit of power. They are the ones buying the product so if they voice their displeasure with something then they may be able to get something done. It’s the same with urgency and legitimacy. Some activist groups like the Walmartwatchers. org group might have some power to get something accomplished. They are able to keep Walmart accountable for what they do by keeping track of everything Walmart does. Walmartwatchers. org keeps track of all of the facts on Walmart like their community impact, environmental records, and workplace conditions. I think that because of this they may have some sort of power in making things happen within the business. I think that Walmart uses a utilitarianism approach when it looks at what it’s doing. Utilitarianism says that the best course of action to take is one that provides the greatest good for the greatest number. The attractiveness of utilitarianism is that it makes the decision maker, in this case Walmart, to think about the general welfare. Utilitarianism takes the approach to think in stakeholder terms. They look at owners, employees, customers, and other stakeholders and they see what is best for them and for the company. I think Walmart uses this approach because it is the best way for them to make a profit. By looking at the greatest good for the greatest number they are able to do what they do even though it may not be popular to some people. The only problem with the utilitarianism approach is that it may come into conflict with justice. People think that an increase in total good is not good because it does not take into account any distribution of good. Another ethical approach that I think Walmart uses is the market ethic approach. The market ethic says that selfish action in the marketplace is virtuous because they contribute to efficient operation of the economy. Decision makers might take selfish actions in order for them to make a persona gain in their business dealings. I think that Walmart could use this ethical approach because I think they are selfish in their thinking in that if it causes personal gain then it doesn’t matter if it is selfish or not. As far as the ethical tests go, I think an important ethical test that could be considered would be the test of making something public. This test asks if you would still make the decision even if you know that everyone would be able to see it. This test addresses the issue of whether or not your decision could take scrutiny from the public. I think Walmart should use this ethical test as a way to help them make decisions. They could use this test in almost all of the issues that were mentioned above. If they would make public about how they were dealing with the environment or how they were dealing with their employees then I think it would help them make better decisions. So how can you look at this with a spiritual perspective? I think as Christians we need to look at what Walmart is doing and look at it through our Christina worldview. I think that some of the things that Walmart does like not taking care of the environment as well as they should and not treating their employees as well as they should go against what is found in the Bible. The Bible says to be good stewards of earth and it also talks a lot about treating people fairly. So how should a Christian seek to resolve these issues? I think that trying to resolve it by yourself would be very difficult if not impossible to get anything done. I think that by forming an activist group with other believers you could get you point out better than if you were trying to do it alone. Ultimately after doing research on Walmart, I think that Walmart has a lot to fix. But I also think that Walmart is beneficial to the economy and it doing a good job with supplying its low prices to people. It just needs to be careful that it does not become a monopoly and destroy jobs and other businesses around it. In my opinion I think Walmart is a good company that is doing a lot to help the economy.

Festivals of India Essay

The holiday celebrates the conclusion of the 29 or 30 days of dawn-to-sunset fasting during the entire month of Ramadan. The day of Eid, therefore, falls on the first day of the month of Shawwal. Christmas (Old English: Cristesm? sse, meaning â€Å"Christ’s Mass†) is an annual commemoration of the birth of Jesus Christ and a widely observedholiday, celebrated generally on December 25 by millions of people around the world. A feast central to the Christian liturgical year, it closes the Advent season and initiates the twelve days of Christmastide, which ends after the twelfth night. Christmas is a civil holiday in many of the world’s nations, is celebrated by an increasing number of non-Christians, and is an integral part of the Christmas and holiday season. Makar Sankranti is one of the most auspicious occasions for the Hindus, and is celebrated in almost all parts of India in a myriad of cultural forms, with great devotion, fervour, and gaiety. It is a harvest festival. Makar Sankranti is perhaps the only Indian festival whose date always falls on the same day every year: 14 January, with some exceptions, when the festival is celebrated on 13 January or 15 January. Makar Sankranti is also believed to mark the arrival of spring in India. The Dasara festivities began with the Vijayanagar kings as early as the 15th Century. A Persian ambassador, Abdur Razzaq, reported the Dasara observance (originally Mahanavami) in Vijayanagara during his mission to India in his book entitled Matla-us-Sadain wa Majma-ul-Bahrain (The Rise of the Two auspicious constellations and the Confluence of the Two Oceans), a major work which contained an overview of the history of this part of the world from 1304 to 1470. After the fall of the Vijayanagar kingdom, the Wodeyars of Mysore continued the Dasara Festival, initially by Raja Wodeyar I (1578-1617 CE) in the year 1610 atSrirangapatna. The Mysore Palace is illuminated on all the 10 days of Dasara. The word Navaratri literally means nine nights in Sanskrit, nava meaning nine and ratri meaning nights. During these nine ights and ten days, nine forms of Shakti/Devi are worshiped. The tenth day is commonly referred to as Vijayadashami or â€Å"Dussehra. † Navratri is a very important and major festival in the western states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Karnataka during which the traditional dance of Gujarat called â€Å"Garba† is widely performed. This festival is celebrated with great zeal in North India as well, including Bihar, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh and the northern state of Punjab. Rakhi is a festival that is dedicated entirely to celebrate and appreciate the love and affection that exist between a beautiful relationship between a brother and a sister. There are so many festivals in India but Rakhi is one that everyone across the country awaits for. On this day sisters tie a ‘Rakhi’ which is a decorated thread on to their brother’s hand and pray for their long life. Brothers, in turn, give their sisters gifts and vow that they will protect and care for them. Thus all brothers and sisters across all the religions celebrate this day with great enthusiasm.

Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analysis - Essay Example The prosecutor analyzed the defendant’s explanation of the occurrence with the view of establishing inconsistencies that would help either incriminate the defendant or discover a potential evidence with which to determine guilt. The cross-examination process followed the defendant’s account of the occurrence. The defendant has defiant time to recount the events as he remembers them and as expected, the defendant took the opportunity to acquit himself of any claim thereby denying any connections with the crime. The vehement account from the occurrence portrayed the defendant favorably as he explained everything, as he believed they occurred. However, the prosecutor could not fail to observe several features of the account since he deliberately omitted issues that would readily incriminate him. The prosecutor therefore asked systematic questions allowing him time to respond appropriately. During the cross examination, the prosecutor sought to establish features of the defendant’s account that would help prove his theory about the crime. The prosecutor therefore asked systematic questions often developing effective follow up questions that would help him achieve his objectives. The defendant†™s attorney often rose to either object to some of the questions that he believed would incriminate or frustrate his client. The judge often either granted or denied the two factions chances as he deemed fit. The judge analyzed the accounts and the issues presented by the parties thereby determining the consistencies presented by each party. The final argument was the judge’s justification of his punishment. He claimed that the punishment would help reform the individual while the man would serve as an example for other people in the society who would act similarly in the future. This implied that the court cases have myriad functions a feature that consequently influences the precedents that judges make and use when making their

MBTI - Teams and Leadership (Management and Leadership - A Continuum) Essay

MBTI - Teams and Leadership (Management and Leadership - A Continuum) - Essay Example In teams people work together, attempting to maximize each team member’s special talents, thereby minimizing gaps in knowledge and skills. CURRENT STUDY In the current study, the group supervisor/ leader type is ESFP. The ESFP, i.e. me, is a salesperson manager at the Qatar National Bank (QNB). The team/group that I am leading as a supervisor is termed as the ESTJ. ESFP’s are energetic and highly enthusiastic leaders. Talking about ESFPs Myers (1993) is quoted as saying, â€Å"They live in the present moment and extract every joy they can get from it, whether it is in case of interacting with people or animals, activities or world around them, etc.† (p.17) At their best ESFPs are excellent team players, motivated to get the task done with a maximum amount of fun and a minimum amount of fuss. This is just the way I, being a leader, am. As an ESFP I am interested in people and new experiences. Because I learn more from practical tasks rather than from studying or r eading, I tend to plunge into things, learning along as I go. Being a supervisor I appreciate my possessions and take pleasure in them. Generally, ESFPs make decisions by using their personal values. Therefore, I also use my internal Feeling of judgment to make decisions by identifying and empathizing with others. I am good at interpersonal interactions and often play the role of peacemaker. (Myers, 1993) When looking at a larger perspective, ESTJ teams have impulsively energetic environments. This is similar to the team working under me. As ESFP leaders lead teams in a comfortable way because of their dominant feeling I feel very comfortable in controlling my ESTJ team. As an ESFP leader I look for practical solutions. Being a leader I am quick enough to analyze the current requirements and then assess what is coming just next. It is convenient for me to it blended with my ESTJ team’s clear performance expectations. My EDTJ team is good at achieving practical results, and ke eping the core issue in sight. This strengthens the overall team performance of my ESTJ team and also our supervisor/team relationship. This, in turn, helps to achieve the sales targets for QNB. Communication may be more flexible and interactive beneficial for both the supervisor, i.e. me, and the team as on one hand ESFPs can easily be distracted by any new piece/s of information and on the other ESTJ teams reject new ideas and are not inclined to accept new trends. This results in a more focused communication that assists in decision making process as well. The above scenario may lead to negligence of important facts, thus, resulting in failure to consider important stakeholders. This indicates a possible blind spot in case of failure to achieve the desired results. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Team Report (1994) states, â€Å"Type theory predicts that when teams solve problems, they tend to rely on their favorite preferences more than on the others. ESTJ team’s problem-sol ving process may, therefore, look something like this: Thinking first, Sensing next then Intuition and Feeling least. The T helps to analyze, dissect, debate, create or apply

Read ch's 3 & 4 in the book Creating Graphics for learning and Essay

Read ch's 3 & 4 in the book Creating Graphics for learning and Performance and answer the focus questions, do the web activity, - Essay Example Extraneous cognitive load refers to the extra load presented in the form of input which is irrelevant to the topic primarily being addressed in the learning process. Germane cognitive load is one which facilitates the learning by association or sequencing the sensory inputs into meaningful units for the learner. Why should designers focus on working memory? Designers should focus on the working memory because it is that part of the memory where the information is held for a few seconds and organized into rational structures, which if reinforced with germane cognition can lead to a permanent impression in the long term memory, the latter being permanent in nature (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968). Working memory cannot hold more than 4-7 units during an interval of time and the visual artist should be able to identify the best visual and auditory inputs, structured into chunks, to have the maximum cognitive effect. Moreover, it is the working memory faction of human cognition where the info rmation processing takes place. The auditory and the visual channels also act in cohesion at this juncture for maximum impact (Pavio, 1990). Moreover, the episodic buffer is also created in the working memory area where the integration of visual and auditory inputs takes place (Baddeley, 2000). What is the relationship between selection, organization, and integration and figure-ground, hierarchy, and closure? The information processing theory suggests that the sensory input is processed selectively in the working memory where it gets organized into rational cues which interact with previous individual impressions’ and memory to form a cognitive pattern which may or may not be taken up by the long term memory. Selection, therefore involves filtration of the received sensory inputs in order to unburden the brain from information load. The subject involuntarily even selects the information which he or she is not at all aware about previously and this should be the focus of conce ntration for a creative visual designer. The intended informational input should therefore be structured in a manner so that it is aimed at the normal grasping or perceiving capability of the human brain. Organization of the provided inputs takes place according to the preexistent knowledge and the ability of the learner to grasp the meaning of the visual and auditory inputs into meaningful patterns which can be sustained for a long term impact. Integration of the provided visual and auditory inputs takes place in the working memory where they act upon simultaneously. Verbal and visual inputs when provided together are better integrated than when provided following each other. The figure ground principle suggests that the human mind is structured to perceive and separate the figure elements from the ground elements i.e. particular shapes elicit particular responses without going into the details of the object. Hierarchical organization of information takes place according to categor ization of information into layers according to the degree of importance placed on them. When sensory inputs are organized into a perceptible pattern, the whole information is more than the sum of its parts as suggested by the gestalt theory. In that case, a person with past experience can visualize the ‘whole’

Physics homework Math Problem Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Physics homework - Math Problem Example Thus as boat 1 is displacing more volume of water than boat 2, it has a higher buoyancy force subjected upon it. Clearly, this is evident from the fact that boat 1 is afloat whereas boat two is sunken. 2. The volume of the given ice cube of 10cm dimensions is 1000cm3. It is given that when the ice cube is floating in pure water, 1cm of it is sticking up above the surface of the water. This shows that the weight of the water displaced by the 9cm thick portion of water is equivalent to the weight of the ice cube. The 9cm thick portion has a volume of 9cm*10cm*10cm i.e. 900cm3. The weight of 900cm3 of pure water is equivalent to 1000cm3 of ice. If we suppose the density of liquid water to be 1g/cm3, then we have 900g of liquid water equivalent to 1000cm3 of ice. This gives us a density of ice as 0.9g/cm3, which is approximately equal to the real value of density of ice (~0.91g/cm3). When the excess 1cm thick part is cut off, the remaining portion of ice has a volume of 900cm3. The weigh t of 900cm3 of ice is 0.9g/cm3*900cm3 i.e. 810g. Now, for liquid water, the volume of water that needs to be displaced to have the same weight as that of the ice is 810cm3 (810cm3*1g/cm3 = 810g). This means that only 810cm3 of the total 900cm3 of the remaining ice will get immersed in water. The rest 90cm3 volume will remain above the water level.

How to be a Good Parent Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

How to be a Good Parent - Research Paper Example Parents should be concerned in the activities of their children so that they know the behavioral changes and the reasons of these changes. In this way, parents can easily solve the problems of children (Steinberg, 2004). Parents should know their children’s likes and dislikes, such as what sport, what television show they want to watch, who their friends are and why they hang around them. Through this strong connection, they can learn about the children. Parent should tell the children what is right and what is wrong, what is good and bad for them. Parents should set limitations so and ensure their children understand what those limitations are. Mostly young and inexperienced parents do not know the behavioral changes of the children because they are inexperienced. According to the writers, young parents need assistance for identifying these changes so that their children will become confident and self reliant in their lives. Parents should observe the children’s behavi or and attitude keenly so that they can know their children's behavioral changes. In this way, they can easily know the problems that children are facing in the life. (Hawkins, 1972). Parents should have a friendly attitude with children so that they feel protective and comfortable in their parents company. In this way, whenever a child faces some problem, he or she firstly will tell their problem to their parents. In this way, they will secure crucial issues. The parents who created a comfortable environment between children and themselves will become more confident and self-reliant. (Kerr & Stattin, 2000). Selecting a child’s name is the first and most valuable gift that parents give to their children. Parents have to be... How to be a Good Parent The research paper consists of the children that are in between 2 to 16 years. In this age, considerable changes occur in children because this is the age in which developments is in ongoing position. Then parents have to be conscious while behaving wrongly in front of the children because they are in learning position (Fontenelle, 2001). In this research paper, I will discuss the facts of how can anyone be a good parent. Parents are focused because many of them do not know how to treat their children for their mental and physical growth. Raising a child is a tricky exercise and arguably, one of the hardest undertakings one must go through. To be a parent is difficult because parents have many duties and responsibilities that have to be fulfilled. If parent fulfill their duties and responsibilities, children can easily tackle with all types of problems of life in a better way. There are several techniques through which parents can easily understand the children behavior and attitudes . Parents should interact with their children to know their behaviors and attitudes in a better way. Because according to physiologists when we interact with our children, we teach them behaviors (Fontenelle, 2001). Literature Review Every behavior effects on their mental and physical development. Through this research, I have seen same behaviors between children of between 2 to 16 years old children in America. Behaviors are the most important element to judge and know to any other person.

The Roman Destruction of Jerusalem and the Jewish diaspora Annotated Bibliography

The Roman Destruction of Jerusalem and the Jewish diaspora - Annotated Bibliography Example een the New Testament account of Jesus and classical gods or demigods such as Bacchus, Perseurs, or Bellerophon were recognized by the church fathers and just like Justin Martyr termed â€Å"demonic imitation† in the 2nd century. According to Alan F. Seagal, one speaks of â€Å"twin birth†, of two new Judaism’s, both markedly different from the religious systems that preceded them. Christianity religious twins and rabbinic Judaism were not the only ones, but like Jacob and Essau, the twin sons of Rebecca and Isaac, they fought in the womb, setting the stage for life after the womb. Jewish messianism has its room in the apocalyptic literature of the 2nd century BCE to 1st century BCE, promising a future â€Å"anointed† leader or messiah to resurrect the â€Å"Israelite kingdom of God†, in place of the foreign rulers of the time. The Maccabean revolt directed against the Seleucids corresponds with this. Related to the fall of the Hasmonean kingdom, it was directed against the Roman administration of Judea province, which according to Josephus, begun with the formation of the Zealots during the census of Quirinius of 6 CE, although full scale open revolt did not occur till the 1st Jewish-Roman war in 66 CE. Hellenistic culture had a profound impact on the customs and practices of Jews, both in the land of Israel and in the Diaspora. The inroads to Judaism gave rise to Hellenistic Judaism in the Jewish Diaspora which sought to establish a Hebraic-Jewish religious tradition within the culture and language of Hellenism. Hellenistic Judaism spread to Ptolemaic Egypt from the 3rd century BCE, and became a not able religio licita after the Roman Conquest of Greece, Anatolia, Syria, Judea, and Egypt, until in the 3rd century when it declined parallel to the rise of Gnosticism and Early Christianity. There also were pagan roots that developed during the era of Roman Empire which many religions like the Greco-Roman Religions of the Roman Empire period, the Roman imperial

Electronic health record (EHR) Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Electronic health record (EHR) - Coursework Example On a general scale, this type of recording system prompts direct access to key health information on the level that can be both personal and population-based. Such actions are solely executed by permitted health personnel as authorized users of the system. In whole, it is a significant provision of necessary data sets that supports the decision-making process for â€Å"quality, safety, and efficiency of patient care...(in) efficient processes for health care delivery† (Lehmann et al., 2006, p. 3). Broadly speaking, the system adapted in EHR serves as fundamental parameter in which health care team base the category of care to be provided, as past information are profound on how present health status should be approached in clinical settings. As EHR is an electronically run, it largely involves both hardware constructs and software applications. In particular, connections are managed through workstations of computer sets and servers for large database storage and application se ttings, which must be affiliated by a telecommunication services for further assistance inter-departmental network interactions within and outside the clinical zone (please see Figure 1 in Appendix A). As the hardware part of the infrastructure is presented through routers, PCs and related electronic devices, softwares are the application mechanics that run the programs needed in entering data information in computer equipments. To establish a valid link in all computer programs in different clinical departments, a â€Å"local area network (LAN)† must be installed in each computers, or â€Å"wide area networking (WAN)† in multiple site connections, uniting strategic users (billing/accounting, administrative and recording sectors) who require copies of basic and/or patient information (Walker, Bieber, & Richards, 2006). As the structural side of EHR have been explained, it is important to note that the internal flow of organization management is also a critical point in the success of the whole system. In Figure 2 (please see Appendix B) a sample of customized work flow of organization communication and function of both health care and IT teams involved in the system of electronic recording are presented. Basing from the diagram, one can surmise that the simple arrival of a clients for a check-up requires an extensive flow of functional work. In the absence of a systematized work flow structure, the whole organization may face delays as information storage and retrieval are backlogged by inappropriate system of recording. The large volume of data stored through EHR makes it an ideal system for promoting an intensive communication pattern that is both comprehensive and accurate in form. As unique identifiers, this type of system has been largely encouraged in first world countries due to its unique characteristics. It is an identification medium that can easily be accessed from internal and external data systems, efficiently discriminating between similar demographic information from potential receptors of health care (Cunningham, n.d.). The idea of storing bulk of information starting from birth to the dying moments is essential in order to trace how individuals maintain their well-being during their whole life. This is an epidemiological tool that inventively personalizes health services provided by one

The price of diamonds is too high Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The price of diamonds is too high - Essay Example Before the 19th century, diamond minerals were known to be rare as it was found in India and Brazil. During 1870 large mines for diamond deposits were discovered in South Africa at place near orange. Such became a threat to the few diamond producers despite the large supply thus made the commodity a luxury instead of a commodity. At the year 1888, a body was formed known as De Beers Consolidated mines in South Africa by suppliers in order to secure a high market for diamond prices. Initially, diamond cartel controlled successfully the supply worldwide regulation done at mine output and purchase of the exclusive right to mining nations across Africa. At the onset of 20th century, DE beers dominated around 90 percent trade for diamond internationally. In 1930, there was a decline in the diamond demand, causing the son of De beers to initiate an advertising agency that incorporated an advertising strategy to target young men in order to purchase a ring for engagement in order to become a form of acceptance during courtship declaration. Through such strategy, diamond price rose, unlike other minerals. Currently, the cartel dominates in approximately two thirds of the diamond (Diamond, 1971). According to pricing theory consideration, is on economic activity due to creation and transfer of value. That covers the trading of goods and services on economic agents that are distinctive. Such explains the high cost of the diamond in comparison with water .this depends on the utility of particular purpose and purchasing power of goods that the object possesses. Such is known as the value exchange and uses in value. Minerals such as diamond derive its value due to scarcity nature and labour intensity required to extract such minerals. The labour involved forms a basic unit the exchange process of value of goods. That will be of great significance to determine overall prices. Thus, the nominal price according to Bagweel & Riordan (1991) has a

Is Ritalin Over Prescribed Essay Example for Free

Is Ritalin Over Prescribed Essay After reading the selected critical issue, use the following questions to analyze the issue. 1. What are at least two facts presented by each side of the critical issue? Pro There were more than a dozen reports of cardiac arrest or heart failure between 1985 and 1997 due to Ritalin use. In one study, Ritalin use reduced the expected monthly weight gain by 25%. Con Stimulants have proven to be effective in improving behavior, school work and social adjustment from 50% to 95%. For 30% to 45% of children with ADHD, the use of stimulants will improve their behavior but not be normalized. 2. What are at least two opinions presented by each side of the critical issue? Pro Children taking stimulants frequently become very depressed or suicidal. Stimulants can cause a variety of mental abnormalities. Con It is a myth that the use of stimulants stunts a child’s growth.   There is no research to prove that children taking stimulants are at more of risk for abusing other drugs during their teenage years. 3. What are some of the strengths associated with the Pro side of the issue? What are some of the weaknesses? The Pro side has a large amount of scientific data and several studies to help support their argument for the negative side effects of stimulant use. The Pro side is very convincing using the many data tables to depict the harm that stimulants can cause to children. They use several different sources to support their argument. The Pro side does not explore the other side of the argument whatsoever. While they have a substantive amount of data, it is not compared to the number of children who experienced no negative side effects while using stimulants. This would have caused their percentages and numbers to be much smaller. 4. What are some of the strengths associated with the Con side of the issue? What are some of the weaknesses? The Con side effectively argues that Ritalin and other stimulants are very useful in treating and normalizing children with ADHD. The Con side also explores the other side of the argument by admitting that some children do experience negative side effects. An entire section of the argument is dedicated to discussing the side effects of stimulants. The Con side of the argument is supported by a great deal of research and data. Weaknesses of the Con side include not using cited sources to support his argument other than his own. 5. How credible were the authors of each argument? Explain your answer. Physician, Peter R. Breggin, was convincing in his argument that stimulants are harmful to children and is overused. He used several sources and data from other research teams to support his argument. Psychologist and ADHD researcher, Russell A. Barkley is very convincing in his argument that Ritalin and other stimulants are important parts of intervention for children with ADHD. It is apparent that he accomplished extensive research to write his book and present this argument. 6. Based on the statements presented in this critical issue, which author do you agree with? Why? This is a difficult question to answer. While I know there are many side effects associated with the use of stimulants, I have witnessed the more positive aspects of using these drugs. Barkley’s extensive research and presentation of his findings is very convincing. That partnered with real life experience using these stimulants, causes me to agree with Barkley. 7. Which side of this critical issue does contemporary research support? Please provide specific examples in your response. The Pro side is more supported in contemporary research. Pro: There are several articles and journals that I have found that support the Pro side of this argument. Ritalin is thought of as the â€Å"quick fix† for ADHD. Because it is an amphetamine, Ritalin has a high rate of abuse and concerns some parents, teachers and physicians. Some say that they feel pressured to give or recommend medication to children before they can perform a thorough evaluation of a student. There is also a concern that Ritalin is being prescribed to children too young to solve normal behavioral problems (Huber, 2002).

The Implementation Of Nuclear Energy In Malaysia Engineering Essay

The Implementation Of Nuclear Energy In Malaysia Engineering Essay Nuclear energy is one of the most important sources of energy that come from uranium and originates from the splitting of uranium atoms in a process called fission at the power plant. The fission process is used to generate heat for producing steam, which is used to turn the turbine to generate electricity.[3] In the mid-twentieth century, nuclear energy was discovered and the implementation of nuclear energy as a source of power was slow to come to get the result because it is still under research and development, but it became an important part of the worlds power source. With the oil crisis from the past and recently, nuclear energy was the preferred method to generate electricity, but nuclear meltdown when some failure occur in the plant created a culture of fear amongst the world. In example was Chernobyl disaster that killed many lives. [1] Based on the history, nuuclear energy was mainly started in the year of 1896, where Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity in uranium. Followed by in the year of 1902, Marie and Pierre Curie isolated a radioactive metal called radium .While in the year of 1905, Albert Einstein formulated his Special Theory of Relativity where he explain mass can be considered to be another form of energy and Enrico Fermi first experimented with nuclear fission in 1934 when he bombarded uranium with neutrons. However he didnt realize that he had achieved nuclear fission. Scientists soon realized that the neutrons split the nucleus of the uranium atoms and that if the resulting fission could release more neutrons, a sustainable nuclear chain reaction would result. After that the nuclear was use to create atomic bomb for war purposes. The first atomic bomb or A-bomb was tested at Alamogordo, New Mexico on 16 July 1945. After the bomb experiment, the Enola Gay, an American airplane, dropped the first atomic bomb ever used in warfare on Hiroshima(Japan) followed by the second atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Nagasaki. [2] Nuclear energy was produced in the year 1951 and this encouraging President Dwight D. Eisenhower to give his Atoms for Peace speech to call for peaceful implementation of nuclear power for the world. By the year of 1954, the U.S.S.R. was generating nuclear energy for its power grid and at Geneva conference in 1955, the European Economic Community and the International Atomic Energy Agency were launched in order to promote a safe and sustainable nuclear powered for the world. Based on the oil crisis in the year of 1970s, many countries were moving in the direction of establishing nuclear power plants to meet the worlds energy needs since the demand of power are keep increasing. [1] 3.2 Nuclear Energy Implementation 3.2.1 Electrical power Uranium is an element found a lot in the Rocky Mountains which we can see these mountains in Canada, South Africa and Australia. Nuclear power plants obviously are fueled by this Uranium. The reason behind making nuclear power possible is usually an infinite energy which was stored in the uranium atoms. By interact the uranium and form of plutonium we might to generate electricity based on the three heavy elements. The nuclear reaction generates heat that is used to boil water to create steam and to drive or turn the turbine to generate electricity. In addition , as we found these days that fossil fuel plant which was limited resources compare to uranium which was a finite non-renewable resource, this is as the generation was almost the same way of this fossil fuel plant. [4] Fossil fuel and Nuclear power stations working almost in the same way based on plant, except the chain reaction which is located inside a nuclear reactor makes the heat instead. However , the heat is generated by nuclear fission, beside the reactor in the nuclear plant uses Uranium rods as fuel. The neutrons smash into the nucleus of the uranium atoms, which split roughly in half and release energy in the form of heat. How to take the heat a way? Carbon dioxide gas or water is pumped through the reactor, and heats the water to become steam to drives the turbines which drive the generators to generate electricity. By taking Britain as example, we might see that their nuclear power stations are often built on the coast and they dont have huge cooling towers that like others country because they use sea water for cooling the steam ready to be pumped round again. The reactor is controlled with control rods that are made of boron, which absorb neutrons. When the rods are lowered into the reactor, they absorb more neutrons and the fission process slows down. To generate more power, the rods are raised and more neutrons can crash into uranium atoms.[5] 3.2.2 Pressurized Water Reactor System Pressurized water reactors were basically consisting of a single fuel element and was assembly of up to 200 fuel pins which are made of zircaloy cadded and these pins are immersed in a large steel pressure vessel containing ordinary light water. The light water serves as both a coolant and moderator and has a higher neutron-absorbing capacity than heavy water (D2O) and causes increase of the percentage of 235U in the core. Uranium dioxide is a source of fuel for this reactor. The pressure vessel consists of control rods that pass through the lid, the light water under pressure, and the reactor core. The water attains a temperature of approximately 270 C without boiling, due to a pressure of about 13.8 to 17.2 MPa which is maintained through a pressurizer. The light water passes in a closed circuit to a heat exchanger. This process causes heating the water up and convert to steam. This steam drives one or more turbine generators, is condensed, and pumped back to the steam generator. T o condense the steam we may use other sources of water from a lake, river, or cooling tower. In order to remove the lid and replace an appropriate portion of fuel pin assembly or to refuel it, the reactor must be shut down completely. This occurs every 12 to 18 months. one way we will be not able to prevent the reactor from overheating while finding a rupture of the cooling system tubing. Due to this danger, reactors are surrounded by a double-walled pressure containment building and contain a number of emergency core-cooling systems. [6] 3.2.3 Boiling Water Reactor System Boiling Water Reactor System is another kind of reactors. It was fuelled by 235U, enriched as uranium dioxide. If we are looking for a particular way of removing heat we may find allowing water to boil is the most particular method. This boiling water reactor allows the coolant within the reactor core to boil. The steam generated is then separated, dried, and passed directly to the turbine generators and condensed and passed back into the reactor core. Steam collection also occurs on top of reactor and must be shut down for refueling. there are many emergency systems in that particular reactor, the entire reactor is housed within a primary containment chamber which includes the underneath, a ring-shaped tunnel that filled with water. sinc there was steam or water were going to escape, it enters that tunnel, then going to condenses.[6] 3.2.4 Energy Power Plant in Malaysia Malaysias Electricity Generation, 1980-2003. (Source: EIA) In Malaysia, there has around 16 giga watts of electric generation capacity, 87% of it is from thermal and 13% of it is from hydroelectric and a very minimum from Hybrid electric. [11] The above Figure show the electricity generation by thermal and hydropower in year 1980 to 2003 in Malaysia. However, the following table shows some of power stations in Malaysia NO Name of Power station Powered by 1 Malim Nawar Power Station, Malim Nawar, Park Coal 2 Pantai Remis Power station, Pantai Remis, Perak Coal 3 Manjung power Station, Manjung, Perak Coal 4 Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Power Station, Kapar,Selangor Coal 5 Perai Power Station, Butterworth ,Penang Coal 6 Tuanku Jaafar Power Station, Port Dickson ,Negeri Sembilan Oil 7 Tanjung Kilan Power Station, Melaka Oil 8 Sultan Iskander Power Station, Pasir Gudang, Johor Gas 9 Serdang Power Station ,serdang, Selangor Gas 10 Sultan Ismail Power Station , Paka, Terengganu OilGas 11 Connaught Bridge Power Station, Klang,Selangor steam Table1: TNB Power Stations in Malaysia (source: answers.com 2006). Thermal power plant Thermal power plant means that most of the machines in that power plant are move or operate by using the steam. It is categorize as non-renewable energy. By heating up the water, it produces steam and the steam is use to spin a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After that the steams that go through the turbine will be condensed in a condenser for recycled back to where it was being heated. [12] To heat up the power plant, normally fuel sources are being use. In Malaysia, we use gas, coal, biomass and oil. The way that gas, coal and oil use in a power plant is very straight forward, their main and only purpose is to heat up the water. But it is a little bit different in Biomass power plant. In Biomass power plant, solid biofuels like chipped or pelleted wood are used to heat up the boilers to create the steams from the water inside the boilers to drives the turbines. Beside of that, wood can also be gasified to create a so call bio-gas that use to run the gas engines or gas turbines that use to drive the electricity generator. [13] Thermal power plant can produced electricity from 6M watt up to 2500M watt depending on the kind of resources used. Example: Tuanku Jaafar Power Station (Negeri Sembilan), TSH Bio Sdn Bhd (Sabah), etc. [15] Hydropower plant Hydropower plant means that the electricity is produce using the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is categorize as one of the kind of renewable energy, and it is the most widely use amount the other renewable energy. [14] In Malaysia, beside from the normal huge Hydropower plant that using the gravitational force of falling water, there is also a Hydropower plant that is using flowing water that we called it mini Hydropower plant. The electric capacity that produces by it is not more than 10GWatt ( Hybrid power plant Hybrid power plant mean the turbine is drive by using wind, solar, diesel and battery. It is a non-renewable energy because it requires diesel to run the turbine at the same time with the support of the wind, solar and also battery energy. The energy that can be produces by Hybrid power plant is depending on how many hectares of solar cells or wind turbine are being used. Example: Pulau Perhentian Kecil (Terengganu). [15] 3.2.5 Nuclear Energy Implementation in Malaysia A 1MW Triga research reactor has been operated since 1982 by the Malaysian Institute for Nuclear Technology Research and was renamed as the Malaysian Nuclear Agency to reflect its roles in promoting the peaceful uses of atomic energy. [9] Basically in Malaysia, our country have been under developing this nuclear energy plan and been sending officer to Australia for training in nuclear since since 1985. Malaysia is ready to build Nuclear Power Plant(NPP) without any problem as our country have enough qualified manpower to oversee the implementation and operation but there is no decision yet by the goverment. [16] Malaysia power plant actually produces 91.6 billion kWh gross in 2006, 64% from gas, 25% from coal, and 8% from hydro and a 55% increase over two years to 2005.  A comprehensive study has been taken in the year 2009 and our government actually decided to consider nuclear power. To plan and coordinate, a Nuclear Power Development Steering Committee was set up and divided through three working groups that were Nuclear Power Program Working Group under the Malaysian Nuclear Energy Agency (MNA), the Nuclear Power Project Working Group under the utility Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), and a Legal and Regulatory Coordination Working Committee involving the Atomic Energy Licensing Board (AELB) and the Energy Commission as represented in this figure: [9] The Chairman of Malaysian Atomic Energy Licensing Board explain that safety issue is the main priority in having Nuclear Power Plant(NPP) and Malaysia has already produced around 900 graduates in nuclear science in UKM including master and PhD holders. Majority of them are expertise and experience to run this Nuclear Power Plant but need a start up time between 10 to 15 years before the plant can be brought to operation followed by government decision in 2021 which also followed also by another countries like Indonesia, Vietnam and Bangladesh to have their first Nucleaer Power Plant. [16] The Tenaga Nasional Berhad(TNB) have been directed in the year 2008 to a task to study the nuclear power and Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water to find a suitable site that will be operated by 2021. Eight possible location have been identified on peninsula and feasibility study will be prepared by the consultants by 2013 with developing the regulatory framework, the soft infrastructure and convince the public. The chairman of the Malaysia Nature Society actually recommended the state of Sabah as the site to replace the coal. Government announce that will be implement nuclear power due to high fossil fuel price that keep increasing and set 2023 as target. A draft of energy policy blueprint back have been sent but it was not comprehensive enough. [9] The cost of building a Nuclear Power Plant is up to US$6billion,depending on its size and where it is sited but the government had a US$7billion budjet to it. It can operate up to 60 years and will be benefit up to two or three generations. The people always misunderstood about nuclear energy and were lack of information about it whereas the recent second and third generation of Nuclear Power Plant are safer with new safety measures and sophiscated technology. The countries in Switzerland and Britain which had stopped using the nuclear energy at one time are now using it again. [16] 3.4.6 Comparing the energy generated by nuclear plant with others energy plants with the relative cost As the worlds population increases, there will be continued comparison to the current electricity generation cost and the demand for electricity will be keep increasing. Energy sources that available in the world include nuclear, coal, natural gas, wind, solar, hydroelectric, and biomass will be double in time to time. Future cost competitiveness will also be consider from every sources of electric generation with three parts that are capital, finance and operating costs. [17] No doubting nuclear energy is, in many places, competitive with fossil fuels for electricity generation, in spite of relatively high capital costs and the need to internalize all waste disposal and decommissioning costs. It is time for change to nuclear energy cause of some factors such as following[18]: The cost of nuclear energy is competitive with other types of electricity generation, except where there is direct access to low-cost fossil fuels.   The general costs of fuels for nuclear plants are a minor percentage of total generating costs, though capital costs are greater than those for coal-fired plants and a greatly than those for gas-fired plants.   In assessing the economics of nuclear power, decommissioning and waste disposal costs are fully taken into account.   Furthermore, from the outset the basic attraction of nuclear energy has been its low fuel costs compared with coal, oil and gas-fired plants. The subsequent figure shows that a doubling of fuel prices would result in the electricity cost for nuclear rising about 9%, for coal rising 31% and for gas 66%. Gas prices have significant continuality increment. [18] To enhance our knowledge about production cost of electricity,we have a slight to the coming chart. Chart 1: Comparing Per Kilowatt-Hour Cost Estimates for multiple types of energy production. [10] Based on chart 1, nuclear and coal are around the same cost at $0.04 per kWh. Natural gas is at $0.10 per kWh and wind power around $0.08 per kWh slightly cheaper. Solar power is the most expensive at $0.22 per kWh and only construction cost is represent because the reliable data is not available at the moment. Lastly the hydroelectric is around $0.03 per kWh and it is the most cost effective but naturally limited place to build the hydroelectric dam due to the geographic location and the construction of the dam will cause huge enviroment infrigment. The total cost per kWh can be represented as Construction Cost per kWh + Production Cost per kWh + Decommisioning Cost per kWh(nuclear only) = Total Cost per kWh but the main cost component of energy are construction and production costs. [10] 3.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy Implementation 3.3.1 Advantages of Nuclear Energy Implementation From the chart below, we can see that the nuclear power plant reduce almost all of the global carbon dioxide problem. The carbon dioxide produces by the nuclear power plant is almost same as 0% compare to the others power plant like coal, gas petrol and etc. Worldwide CO2 Emissions Reduction[6] Another important benefit that nuclear generated energy has on our environment is that the wastes produced are completely isolated from the environment. The benefits of nuclear energy on environment can he seen clearly in France. Because of concerns over imported oil in the 1980, France has tripled its nuclear energy production. In the same period, the pollution had actually decreased around 80% to 90%. [6] Nuclear power plant also playing a important role in generate electricity in some country and there are many countries start to build more nuclear power plant to generate more electricity to expand the economics and become more develop nation. Beside of this, nuclear power plant also play an important role in the world, because there are 17% of total worlds energy was generated by around 400 nuclear power plants.[6] In briefly, we can sum up all the advantages as shown below: Nuclear reactions release a million times more energy, as compared to hydro or wind energy. Hence, a large amount of electricity can be generated. Presently, 12-18% of the worlds electricity is generated through nuclear energy. The biggest advantage of nuclear energy is that there is no release of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, and chlorofluorocarbon) during nuclear reaction. The greenhouse gases are a major threat in the current scenario, as they cause global warming  and climate change. As there is no emission of these gases during nuclear reaction, there is very little effect on the environment. The burning of  fossil fuels result in emission of the poisonous carbon dioxide. It is a menace to the environment as well as human life. There is no release of carbon d-oxide at the time of nuclear reaction. Nuclear reactors make use of uranium as fuel. Fission reaction of a small amount of uranium generates large amount of energy. Currently, the high reserves of uranium found on Earth, are expected to last for another 100 years. High amount of energy can be generated from a single nuclear power plant. Also, nuclear fuel is inexpensive and easier to transport. 3.3.2 Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy Implementation Although nuclear energy offers great benefits as an alternative source of electric power, appealing and cost-effective the use of nuclear energy also have the negative effect or disadvantages. It is important to understand both the pros and cons of nuclear energy because nuclear waste created by the power plants emits harmful radiations. These harmful radiation created do not get extinguished or dispose easily for thousands of years. Great care by the professional are required in handling the nuclear wastes. [8] In production of electricity, there will be always have the high risk. The accident at Chernobyl, it was the most severe radioactive accident in the world has experienced since the first nuclear energy as an alternative power source is implemented. Immediate countermeasures have been taken in many countries elsewhere in Europe after the accident to reduced the levels of exposure to the public. A huge misunderstanding among the people was the waste created by nuclear energy is more dangerous compare to other method power plant electricity generation. The truth of this matter was radioactive waste from nuclear energy maybe dangerous for thousand of years but a waste produced from burning coal remains dangerous forever because it is release to the atmosphere compare to nuclear where it was kept isolated and the toxicity of these stable elements does not decrease over time as does the toxicity of radioactive material. Another major disadvantage of nuclear power to the peaceful of the nat ion was the production of nuclear weapons were allowed in some country and these nuclear weapon of mass destruction is particularly disturbing. [6] We can sum up most of the disadvantages in those pointes as shown below: The production or proliferation of nuclear weapons. The use of fission, fusion or combination of both reactions process for destructive purposes and a major threat to the world as they can cause large scale devastation. [8] . Large capital cost is required to construct single nuclear power plant. Though large amount of energy can be produced, it required around 15 to 20 years of time to develop a single plant. The reactor will only operate as long as uranium is still available. The extinction of uranium will result the plant to stop operating. [8] The unstable element and highly radioactive waste were produced after fission reactions. The waste that produced was dangerous to the environment, human health, and remains for thousands of years and it needs professional handling and should be kept isolated from the living environments. The radioactivity of these elements reduces over a period of time. [8] Disaster can occurred in any nuclear power plant. The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant was the worst disaster in 1986, one of the reactor exploded and releasing high amount of radiation in the environment. Resulted thousand of casualities due to exposure to the harmful radiation. [8] 3.4 Analysis of survey feedback 3.4.1 Questionaire Results A total of 50 students have participated in the questionnaire. The participants are required to answer a series of questions relating to their opinion on the implementation of nuclear power generation in Malaysia. Basic understanding of the nuclear power generation is also obtained to determine the level of knowledge that each participant has on nuclear power generation. The first question is to ask the participants if it is appropriate to apply nuclear power generation to support the current ways of power generation in Malaysia. From the questionnaire it can be seen that 63% of the participants agreed that Malaysia needed nuclear power to support its current energy generation methods. From the results obtained, most of the participants knew that with nuclear power generation, more power can be generated. Besides that, most of Malaysias energy generation methods are from coal and natural gas which is harmful to the environment. Even though most of the participants agreed that Malaysia need to apply nuclear power generation, 65% of them feel that the country itself is not ready to build a nuclear power plant. From this, it can be seen that most of the participants feel that Malaysia need to put in more time and research before implementing and building a nuclear power plant. Similarly in the third question, the participants are asked if Malaysia is ready to build a nuclear power plant. The majority of them have answered weak as shown in Figure 1. As mention in the previous paragraph, Malaysia needs to put in more time in researching nuclear power especially in the aspects of safety. Figure 1: Malaysias Level of Preparation for Nuclear Power In the fourth question, the participants are required to give their opinions if nuclear power brings more advantages or disadvantages. The majority of the participants (71%) felt that nuclear power brings more advantages than disadvantages. Figure 2: Opinion on the Advantages of Nuclear power When 71% of the participants are asked on their opinions on advantages of nuclear power generation, the results are shown at Figure 2. Most of them answered C which says that nuclear power does not produce either smoke or carbon dioxide. 32% of them felt that nuclear power is reliable. 26% of the participants answered A which says that nuclear power generation produces small amount of waste. The remaining 6% feels that nuclear power is not expensive to be produced. From the results shown above, it can be seen that the participants are environmental conscious. When the similar participants are asked on their opinions on the disadvantages of nuclear power generation, most of them are worried of the waste created which is harmful to humans as well as the environment. The harmful waste will be hard to be disposed. A number of the participants felt that the safety of the surrounding area needs to be considered in case of a nuclear reactor leak in the power plant. The remaining 29% of the participants felt that nuclear power generation brings more disadvantages than advantages. These participants felt that the waste produced is hazardous and dangerous and also lots of funding is needed to be spent on the safety measures when generating nuclear power. Besides having the disadvantage opinions, these participants felt that nuclear power generation can provide more power and energy and less waste compare to other methods of power generation. Besides that, it is an alternative method of power generation that can be considered. Figure 3: Nuclear Power Generation Potential Remedy for Global Warming As seen in Figure 3, it can be seen that most participants did not agree that nuclear power generation is the remedy for global warming. Even though most of the participants did not agree, 45% of the participants agreed. The reason is that nuclear power generation produced less greenhouse gases compared to power generation methods using fossil fuel. In the next section, participants are required to tick on the required boxes on where their opinions stand. As seen in Figure 4, most of the participants have average opinions. Nuclear power generation saves up the earth natural resources as fewer resources will be used in generating the power that is needed. The resources used in nuclear power generation are able to last for years which are better than most fossil fuel methods. Figure 4: Replacement of other Energy Power with Nuclear Power will save up Earth Natural Resources Figure 5: Saving of Cost in a Long Term by using a Nuclear Power Plant In Figure 5, it can be seen that a number of the participants agreed on the saving of cost in a long term when using a nuclear power plant. The reason is that the resources that are used in a nuclear power plant can last for a long time compared to the fossil fuels and other methods available. Most of the participants have average opinions on question on building a nuclear power plant makes the economy of a country better as seen in Figure 6. The cost of building a nuclear power plant is high but it generates more energy than other methods with less pollution. Besides that less space is needed to build the plant. Figure 6: Building a Nuclear Power Plant makes the Economy of a Country Better In Figure 7, most of the participants agreed that using a nuclear power plant contributes to a better environment as nuclear power generation does not release any greenhouse gases. Figure 7: Better Environment if use Nuclear PowerGeneration Method Figure 8: Affordable for a Developing Country to Build a NuclearPower Plant to replace other Power Plants Most of the participants disagree and have average opinions on the building of a nuclear power plant for developing countries. The reason is that the countries need to concentrate on building and develop their country before investing on a nuclear power plant. The cost of constructing a nuclear power plant is high. 3.5 Conclusion and recommendation After we done the survey and research in the internet, our conclusion is that nuclear power is really needed in Malaysia. The 1st reason is because currently Malaysia still widely using coal and natural gas to generate energy, and we all know that these will bring harm to the environment also human health. From the survey also we notice that nowadays human are very concern about then environment issue, because there are 65% of the participants feel that by implementing the nuclear power, we can produce a better environment or we can save current environment that is full of carbon dioxide and smoke. Besides that, from our research, we notice that by applying nuclear power, it can prevent global warming because it produces less greenhouse gasses compare to fossil fuel power generator. Apart from that, by applying nuclear power, it can save up the earth natural resources as well because it uses lesser natural resources to produces the energy that is required compare with others power ge nerator and it also can make an economy in a country become better in a long term plan because nuclear power plant can last more longer than the other power plant, by this the costs to get the resources will be cheaper compare with the other power plant for a long term period. In the other hand, there were people that are disagree that Malaysia should have nuclear power, this is due to the wastage of the nuclear is hard to dispose, some of them think that Malaysia is not yet ready for the nuclear power in term of economy and also information on nuclear power, some of them think that if there is a leak of the nuclear reactor then it will bring serious damage to the surrounding and even bring death the human being. Some of them think that as a developing country, Malaysia should concentrate on building and developing the country before investing in the nuclear power. From the research and also survey we had done, to make everyone believe that Malaysia is capable to build nuclear power plant, few steps should be taken. There are, have a complete research in nuclear power plant with those countries that already have the nuclear power plant, build the nuclear power plant further away from human being so that if there is any leaking of nuclear reactor it would not bring harm to human being or there is enough time to disband the villager around. In addition, maintenances on nuclear power plants have to be done frequently to prevent any undesirable occurrence and Malaysia government should prepare a place to store the wastage of the nuclear power plant so that the wastage of the nuclear reactor that is harmful did not expose to the surrounding. Last but not least, if those safety steps have been take in count, then,

The determination of basic long-term goals and objectives of enterprise

The determination of basic long-term goals and objectives of enterprise INTRODUCTION Alfred Chandler a business strategy theorist in the area of business defines strategy as The determination of the basic, long-term goals and objectives of an enterprise, and the adoption of courses of action and the allocation of resources necessary for these goals (Chandler, 1962:13). By White (2004) in a simple definition says Strategy is regarded as a unifying idea which links purpose and action. In that case strategy combines the communication of human goals and the organisation of human activity to achieve those goals. The concept of strategies business organization provides the means for it to generate income and competitive advantage by the persistent development and bringing new products into the market. For companies to be in competitive advantage it has to focus on meeting and supplying products to meet the rapid changing needs of the customers (White,2004) .This proves the reason companies give the idea of new product introduction (NPI) appropriate consideration. New Product Introduction is a project without a guaranteed success but yet an expensive one. The company has to consider the market in which they are competing, the nature of the competition and how their capabilities will enable their products to be successful (White,2004). New Production Introduction generally entails innovation, that involves the modification of an existing product. Innovation is an essential accepts of all New Product Introduction projects and it involves a lot risk taking. New Product Introduction entails creativity, experimentations and analysis, that require a huge amount of finance (Baker and Hart 2007; Allen and Hamilton 1968). In order ways, to achieve a high successful rate in New Product Introduction, we have to manage innovation properly. The New Product Introduction in companies has to adopt a good strategy for the company to achieve a corporate strategic objective. The help of good corporate strategy facilitates the New Product Introduction strategy for an organized business performance (Baker and Hart 2007). A companys organized business strategy entails high creativity of innovation and technological drive with risk engagement. The relationship between NPI strategies and business performance was identified by Copper (2001) with the three points of business new products performance which are; High-quality new product process Resource commitment New product strategy Cooper (2004) establishes that business performance is directly proportional to the introduction of new product performance which is dependent on the strategy employed. Here are list of New Product Introduction strategies that a company could use: The Differentiated Strategy: Differentiated strategy is the process that involves market aggressiveness, high technological approach, and quality price. This Strategy involves a percentage of 15.6% of manufacturing companies. In this strategy the companies are liable to maximize their competitive advantage in the market. Differentiated strategy is said to have a brilliant success rate (Anderson and Smith 2010). The Low Budget, Conservative Strategy: Companies that adopt this strategy usually favour a low RD budget and undifferentiated products (Anderson and Smith 2009). The Technology-push Strategy: The strategy here is pre-occupied with technological development and they lose focus of their market demands. Here, their success rate is fairly average. This strategy is mostly seen within the dot-com companies mostly in the late 90s (Anderson and Smith 2010). High-budget diverse Strategy: High-budget diverse strategy is considered as a high, and unfocussed RD budget. The strategy is related to the technology-push strategy. The Not-in-the-game Strategy: The Not-in-the-game strategy has a careful, favouring low risk, low technology products. Its goal is attained by low product performance. It is concluded that the differentiated strategy provides the most excellent business performance in the market (Anderson and Smith 2010). COMPANY BACKGROUD The Coca-Cola Company is the worlds largest beverage company refreshing consumers with more than 500 sparkling and still brands. Along with coca-cola, recongized as the worlds most valuable brands, including Diet coke, fanta, sprite, coca-cola zero, vitamins water, Powerade minute maid, simply and Georgia coffee. Globally, we are the number 1 provider of sparking beverages, juice and juice drinks and ready-to-drink teas and coffees. COCA-COLA CHINA Coca-Cola China is one of the most well known international brands in china, with a leading position in the soft drinks market. Since re-entering china in 1979, coca-cola has invested more than US$ 2 billion in the local market. By the end of October 2009, china business unit has established a total of 39 bottling plants. MARKET, COMPETITORS AND CUSTOMERS The beverage market is a very competitive one, due to the low barriers to entry, also the tendency of replication is high and the rate of changing trend because of the switch in customer feedback on a exact product is high. NPI STRATEGY The NPI strategy coca-cola used was the differentiated strategy. The new products are brought into the market by knowing what the customer wants in a specific time and place, which enhances a target market. New products could be accomplished by the process of market trend and recognition of a market place. The success rate of a product is achieved by the market target (Graham et al, 1993). The improvement of the new ultra-light bottle is the peak of its size in the Chinese beverage market and has reduced the carbon footprint by 30%. Thereby helping it be an environmentally friendly in the terms of the global green effect, the bottle is designed in a way that it can be simply be twisted and compressed after consumption, in that process it saves more than 70% of the space needed while the bottle makes it way to recycling(Coca-cola, 2010) Shown in Fig 1 is the sustainable packagin Fig 1: Shown is a sustainable packaging MARKET RESEARCH AND PRODUCT CONCEPTS Trott. P(2005) says that new product strategy is part of a web of strategies. It is linked to, and its objectives are derived from, marketing strategy, technology strategy and the overall strategy. During a general market research, coca-cola discovered a target market, within which the consumers required their beverages in bottles no longer in plastic bottles. At the moment, ultra-thin classic contour glass bottle are in demand in the market. The ultra glass bottle has found a clear product idea. PRODUCT DESIGN The new ultra glass bottles are small but still contain the same content. The bottles are 40% stronger, 20 percent lighter and 10 percent less expensive than the traditional contour bottles. The challenges of the new ultra glass bottle were packaged to step up innovation in soft drinks. Packaging to bring the latest technology. PRODUCT LAUNCH The new ultra glass bottle was launched in 2000. DIAGRAMOF THE PRODUCT RESULTS Trott, P(2005) says a successful brand combines an effective product, distinctive identity and added value as perceived by customers. Coca-cola china undertook a sustainable packaging rest analysis with its bottling partners to inform new packing solution. We have reduced the glass we use in our packaging by approximately 11,000 tons by adopting ultra glass technology through responsible manufacturing and redesign efforts. CONCLUSION Coca-Cola company china was established to gain competitive advantage and boost their business performance. The author carefully analysed the strategy used in coca-cola for the new production introduction was successful and it was market intensive. According to Miles and Snow the business strategy used by coca-cola was the Defenders. Coca-cola did not only invest in RD and the market research respectively, their strategy path was focused. In the sense that the direction or flow of the decision making were in line with the clearly defined product, target market, processes and resources needed. RECOMMENDATION Before developing an NPI strategy, take into consideration the companys capabilities and most importantly the overall corporate strategy of the company. The use of a product innovation character, said by Crawford (1997:65) as a document that gives the conditions under which an organisation will operate, will be of great benefit to company, because it specifies the objective to be achieved.

Deceit and Betrayal in Shakespeares Macbeth :: Free Macbeth Essays

Deceit and Betrayal in Shakespeare's Macbeth Shakespeare's play "Macbeth" is considered one of his great tragedies. The play fully uses plot, character, setting, atmosphere, diction and imagery to create a compelling drama. The general setting of Macbeth is tenth and eleventh century Scotland. The play is about a once loyal and trusted noble of Scotland who, after a meeting with three witches, becomes ambitious and plans the murder of the king. After doing so and claiming the throne, he faces the other nobles of Scotland who try to stop him. In the play, Macbeth faces an internal conflict with his opposing decisions. On one hand, he has to decide of he is to assassinate the king in order to claim his throne. This would result in his death for treason if he is caught, and he would also have to kill his friend. On the other hand, if he is to not kill him, he may never realize his ambitious dreams of ruling Scotland. Another of his internal struggles is his decision of killing his friend Banquo. After hiring murderers to kill him, Macbeth begins to see Banquo's ghost which drives him crazy, possibly a result of his guilty conscience. Macbeth's external conflict is with Macduff and his forces trying to avenge the king and end Macbeth's reign over Scotland. One specific motif is considered the major theme, which represents the overall atmosphere throughout the play. This motif is "fair is foul and foul is fair." In the first scene of the first act, three witches plan their next meeting in which they will encounter Macbeth. It is in this scene that the motif is first presented, as the tree witches chant, "Fair is foul, and foul is fair, hover through the fog and filthy air" (1.1.11-12). The witches meet again in scene three of act one. One of the witches discusses a curse she has placed on a woman's husband, because she refused to share her food. This display of evil powers and spitefulness, suggests that the witches may have some influence in the development of the motif. Macbeth enters during this scene along with Banquo, arriving from a victorious battle. He uses the motif to describe the day as "So foul and fair a day I have not seen" (1.3.38). When Macbeth encounters the witches, they give him two predictions. One is that he will become the thane of Cawdor, and then the king of Scotland.

Pandas Essay -- essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The giant panda only exists at present in six small areas located in inland China. The habitat, suitable for the bamboo on which it survives, is a cold, damp coniferous forest. The elevation ranges from 1,200 to 3,400 meters high. In most of the areas in which they still roam wild, they must compete with farmers who farm the river valleys and the lower slopes of the mountains. It is estimated that there are somewhere around 700 and 1,000 giant pandas still alive in the wild. Because of their reliance on bamboo as their primary food, they will remain in significant danger unless their present habitat is expanded. The differing varieties of bamboo go through periodic die-offs as part of their renewal cycle. Without the ability to move to new areas which have not been affected, starvation and death will certainly occur for the giant panda. Such die-offs of the bamboo also put the giant pandas in more direct contact with farmers and poachers as the bears try to find new areas in which to feed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pandas have few natural enemies other than man, so the life-span of giant pandas in the wild is thought to be twenty-five years or more.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Giant pandas have forepaws which are extremely flexible. Evolution has given them an enlarged wrist bone that works in the manner of an opposable thumb. This highly functional adaptation allows the giant panda to manipulate their primary food source, bamboo stems ...

Organizational Plans Essay

Many organizations design and implement plans that are put into action to ensure that each department of a company is running as efficiently and as effectively as possible. There are three main plans that organizations use to assist managers with the tasks of achieving their goals; strategic planning, tactical planning, and operational planning. Strategic planning is the broad overview of goals and strategies made by top-level management, which are set for the long-term future. Tactical planning is taking these long-term goals and breaking them down into more specific and direct objectives. â€Å"Operational planning identifies the specific procedures and processes required at lower levels of the organization.† (Bateman & Snell, 2011). All three of these planning procedures are crucial in the success of an organized and successful company. In addition, a business might want to set up a contingency plan. A contingency plan will come into action if any of the prior plans should fail. If we take a look at Subaru of America, we can see that their structure depends on these three organizational plans. This vast of an organization needs as much planning as possible because there is such a variety of departments and management alike, there need to be plans set in place so that the company can operate as one complete unit. Using the strategic plan, Subaru of America is able to let its top-level managers make decisions for future business. Using the tactical plan, the strategic plan is broke down between departments and has specific goals and deadlines. These goals are then passed onto floor managers who in turn put the goals and strategies into action. These goals can either be â€Å"single-use,† or on going day-to-day tasks. References Bateman, T. S., & Snell, S. A. (2011). Management: Leading & collaborating in a competitive world (9th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin

Mcdonald

System wide sales. They operate over 30,000 restaurants, around 420,000 workers In more than 100 countries on six continents. McDonald's sells various com/%EF%BB%BFhome-cooked-meals-vs-fast-food/">fast food Items and soft drinks including, burgers, chicken, salads, fries. Breakfast meals and ice cream and etc. Objectives: 1. To be able to serve well to customers by providing best quality of food and service. 2. To increase the business capacity to produce more foods or provide better or greater service, 3. To become better public Images of fast food. 4. To become greater brand name and Image that will Increase more franchises. 5.To be a social responsible company and provide good returns to shareholders. Vision and Mission Statement: Vision Statement To be the world's best quick service restaurant experience. Being the best means providing outstanding quality, service, cleanliness, and value, so that we make every customer in every restaurant smile. Mission Statement To â€Å"be our customers' favorite place and way to eat. † Our worldwide operations have been aligned around a global strategy called the Plan to Win centering on the five basics of an exceptional customer experience – People, Products, Place, Price and Promotion.We are committed to Improving our operations and enhancing our customers' experience. External Audit: Opportunities I Threats I 1. Growth of the fast food industry. 2. Expansion in other countries, especially in Latin America, China, and other Asian countries. 3. Increasing trend on healthy food/ products (Especially Low calorie products) approved by FDA. 4. Low price food that will attract to the customers. 5. Freebies and Discounts. 6. Conversion of other quick-service restaurants into franchises. 7. More playgrounds for the children in more restaurants. (should be enough space for that).

The casino industry in Australia

The casino industry in Australia operates under an environment of uncertainty. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics Australia†s 13 casinos recorded a total operating loss of $288 million in 97-98. Outsiders predict a gloomy future for the casino industry in the next few years due to the reduction in international high rollers and the low level of management talent in Australia†s young casino industry. In this business environment Crown must implement business strategies will carry it into the next century as one of the worlds most successful casino complexes. The Crown was set up as a multimillion-dollar establishment in order to attract international gamblers especially the Asian junket gamblers. However with the economic meltdown of countries such as Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia Asian gamblers are fewer and have less money to gamble. The present focus of Crown casino towards the Asian market is fruitless as its competing in a highly saturated international market. International casinos have a much better operational efficiency compared to Crown due to the high levels of tax and intense monitoring experienced by Australian casinos. Nevertheless this excessive regulation reduces the perception of corruption which can be used to market Crown as a reputable operator in the world stage. Its current strategy of focusing on the Asian market is an inefficient management of resources. Crown should focus on the growing local market, which would stabilise the balancesheet, as the focus should be on maintaining a high volume of local gamblers as opposed to a small number of high rollers. The current volatile earning figures for Crown are caused due its reliance on Asian junket gamblers. In the current business environment buyer power is high as Crown focuses on few high volume gamblers this should be reduced, as it should concentrate on a higher numbers of smaller gamblers. The recent increases in the gambling to HDI ratio as a result of better domestic economic conditions should be exploited by Crown. In order to broaden its local market advertising campaigns to lure the suburban poker machine players towards the city and away from RSL clubs and bars should be undertaken. The recent acquisition of Crown by the media giant PBL should ensure that Crown promotions reach a wider audience through the magazine/television business with little cost. The main issue for Crown in the future is to maintain a consistent rate of turn over in slot machines and tables. This should be achieved not only through advertising moreover by offering patrons the latest technologies and gaming programs. Once the parton numbers are increased loyalty schemes targeting the lower end of the gaming market should be under taken to maintain the flow of customers. Crown should better take advantage of it regional monopoly and reputation for offering ‘ world of entertainment† by hiring top rating international performers. This would not only boost revenue to the Crown entertainment complex but to the casino as well. Online gambling is luring more and more customers away from physical casinos. This new frontier of gaming is thriving due to its ease of access to customers and many online operators are benefiting from the lack of regulatory and tax burdens. This industry is expected to grow from $US5 billion to $US25.4 billion by next year. In Crown ‘s strategic outlook it should attempt to tap into this booming market. Crown would be able to use its globally recognised name and add credibility to this undisciplined market. With the cooperation of PBL namely ECORP its Internet Company Crown would be able to offer unrivalled Internet gambling services which are regulated by the Australian government. At present US based enterprises are unable to provide Internet gaming which would provide Crown with an opportune time to enter into this market and gain a foothold. (an operational efficiency.) The capacity exists for Crown to from strategic alliances with other off shore gambling facilities overseas in the hope of attracting more international gamblers. Such a venture could offer joint accommodation deals more lucrative jackpots and discounts to valued customers in reciprocal venues. This should compensate for Melbourne†s low level of International tourism. In addition relationships should be built up between Crown and the Victorian Tourism board to induce tourism into Melbourne. Michel Porter suggested that the ‘essence of strategy is choosing to perform activities differently than rivals do† in the current competitive environment Crown is able to do this by offering a complete package of entertainment and gaming which is unparalleled in Australia.

Communication †Differences Between Men and Women

Communication – Differences Between Men and Women According to Fiona Sheridan, â€Å"The consequences of differences in linguistic activity between men and women in the workplace are enormous (2007). † Women create feelings of closeness by conversing with their friends or loved ones. They have a tendency to communicate by consensus. This means, they use the information gathered by other women and make a decision based on the wishes of the group. â€Å"Men, on the other hand, seek to establish and maintain status and dominance (Tannen, 1990). †When communication is not effective, it can have severe consequences on an organization. Each gender must decide what it is that they are looking for, decide how they want to receive it, what order they want to receive it, and decide how they want to process it. We must realize that each communication style has certain strengths. â€Å"To have successful working relationships with members of the opposite sex, you also have to know why those differences matter and what to do about them. † (Kelley, 2010, p13) Both men and women can contribute and offer a lot.Margery Weinstein said it best when she said that, â€Å"Each gender is a culture unto itself, one that comes with certain norms and standards that can be misunderstood by those of the opposite sex (Weinstein, 2006, p8). † Below are some differences in the way women and men communicate: Ways Women communicate: 1)Women more likely talk to other women about problems. 2)Women are more relationship oriented. 3)Woman share experiences and ask questions. Ways Men communicate: 1)Men keep problems to themselves. )Status and dominance are important to men. 3)Men give information rather than ask questions. There is definitely an impact in the workplace when there is a difference in communication between men and women. The difference in the communication styles can lead to confusion between the two parties. This can create unnecessary tension betw een the two genders.The key is to realize that either gender can effectively communicate as long as they are equally valid in getting the message relayed to its intended target. Discussion The main topic was whether there was a difference in how men & women communicate and whether it has an impact in the workplace. â€Å"Beyond gender-related communication differences, awareness of gender-related communication barriers may play a key role in the effectiveness of communication (Schneider, 2007). † It would prove beneficial for companies to teach their employees how to have effective communication when gender may be involved.The bulk of my research was done by utilizing information gathered from the internet and ProQuest. Valuable insight was collected on this topic. Many people do believe there are differences in how the two genders communicate. â€Å"If we consider both communication styles and associated values in practice, we will increase chances of all people representin g either style to join the communication process, regardless of their gender (Rawluszko, 2009, p54). † ?

Otoacoustic Emission In Nihl Health And Social Care Essay

Noise and noise induced hearing loss is job of immense magnitude in the Armed forces all over the universe. The forces of the ground forces, navy and the air force are exposed to really high strength noise produced as a consequence of the arms that they use, the mechanical conveyance, aircraft and ships that they use. The nature of their business exposes them to resound degrees that can endanger their hearing. The members of Armed Forces and para-military organisations are exposed to a combination of steady province noise and impulse noise of really high strengths and their unprotected ears are vulnerable to extensive hearing harm. In armed forces, forces functioning in certain subdivisions and trades are more vulnerable. In the ground forces, those functioning in the foot, heavy weapon, armoured corps and corps of applied scientists are at high hazard of developing NIHL. In the air force pilots, air animal trainers and air trade care forces are at high hazard. Similarly in the naval forces, engine room crewmans, gunnery crew, air trade bearer forces, frogmans and submariners are at high hazard of developing NIHL due to the nature of their occupations [ 55 ] . Kessar, in an audiometric study on heavy weapon forces of Indian Armed forces reported that 50.8 % heavy weapon forces had changing grades of NIHL compared to 14.1 % of controls [ 56 ] . In the same survey 86.5 % gunnery crew with more than 10years of service had moderate to severe NIHL. Raiet Al reported that 85.5 % naval gunnery crew evaluated audiometrically had NIHL [ 57 ] . In another survey noise degrees of 120 dubniums were recorded in the engine suites of naval ships and 78 % of engine room forces were found to hold NIHL of changing grades. Pawa KL, Singh VK and Venkatesh MD reported an extended study of noise degrees on board Indian Naval ships and recorded an norm of 105 dubniums noise degrees in engine suites and besides reported that 70 % of the engine room crewmans evaluated were found to hol d NIHL [ 58 ] . The badness of hearing loss increased linearly with length of service. Theyobserved increased exposure of frogmans to audiovestibular disfunction and noise is one the major subscribers to hearing loss in frogmans and submariners. An audiometric study of Indian Air Force forces revealed an overall prevalence of 22.9 % of NIHL [ 59 ] . Clinical characteristics of NIHL are frequently identical from other causes of SNHL. The diagnosing is based on elaborate history, physical scrutiny and appropriate audiometric rating. It is stressed that the diagnosing of NIHL is circumstantial and would necessitate a careful elaborate occupational history, household history and history sing recreational exposure to resound. From a medicolegal facet guidelines have been defined to help in ‘labeling a instance ‘ as NIHL [ 60 ] . Another facet to maintain in head is that the people who are susceptible to NIHL can besides endure from other otological diseases like CSOM, Meniere ‘s disease, otosclerosis, familial hearing loss etc and therefore all attempts at naming these conditions should be made before imputing the hearing loss to inordinate noise exposure. In a big series of NIHL in Ontario, 5 % of the survey group had other ear diseases as major cause for their hearing loss [ 61 ] . Any history, physical marks or a udiometric findings suggestive of cochlear or retro-cochlear hearing loss in a patient will necessitate extended rating to get at a diagnosing. However, with a good history, physical scrutiny and a pure tone audiogram, it is possible to get at a diagnosing of NIHL and besides arrive at a decision that the hearing loss is attributable to resound [ 2 ] . NIHL and acoustic injury are constantly associated with tinnitus which is frequently raging. Many patients of chronic NIHL will hold tinnitus as their chief ailment.Audiometric ConfigurationThe 4 KHz notch is frequently considered a typical audiometric characteristic in NIHL regardless of the frequence scope of the noise beginning. However, more frequently than non, the so called 4 KHz notch occurs in the scope of 3-6 KHz. [ 20 ] ( Fig. 10.12 and 10.13 ) . The most plausible account for the 4 KHz notch in pure tone audiogram is the resonance features of ear canal to sounds of different frequences with maximum harm happening one octave above the Centre of frequence scope of the noise. The wide set industrial noise is concentrated at 3 KHz due to peculiar anatomical constellation of EAC and hence maximum harm occurs in 4 KHz country of cochlea. It needs to be kept in head nevertheless that the absence of a notch does non except the diagnosing of NIHL [ 20 ] . Though NIHL is frequently described as bilateral and symmetrical, asymmetrical hearing losingss is non uncommon. In one survey 15 % of patients of NIHL had asymmetrical hearing loss. This may be because of other ear diseases, asymmetrical noise exposure or sometimes non interpretable [ 62 ] . Pure tone audiology forms the footing of diagnosing and for compensation intents in NIHL. International standard 1999 ( ISO ) , has formulated guidelines for finding whether an audiogram conforms to the parametric quantities of NIHL. Electric response audiology may be of great aid in observing overdone hearing loss in compensatory claims. All other supra- threshold trial s and speech audiology in NIHL would demo characteristics of cochlear hearing loss.Otoacoustic Emission ( OAE ) in NIHLThe measuring Otoacoustic emanation ( OAE ) has become a simpler, non-invasive and nonsubjective tool to mensurate OHCs map, the primary mark cell in NIHL. Both TAOAE and DPOAE have been studied in acoustic injury and NIHL. Some studies suggest that the amplitude of OAE lessenings even before there is noticeable pure tone threshold displacement in noise injury [ 63 ] . Early NIHL is characterized by unnatural OAE constellation corroborating some cochlear disfunction or harm with normal or near normal pure tone audiograms [ 64 ] . This has an of import bearing in the early diagnosing of NIHL and can even be utilized to observe single susceptibleness to NIHL [ 65 ] . The multiple advantages of OAEs are that they are extremely sensitive, site specific, nonsubjective and speedy to analyze and hence are ideal tools for supervising NIHL. DPOAEs are particularly well-suite d for monitoring as the frequence scope of analysis extends beyond 8 KHz, which is good beyond the 3-6 KHZ scope affected by NIHL. Therefore with a good DP gm one can confidently predict whether the hearing loss is due to resound exposure or non [ 66 ] ( Fig. 10.14 & A ; 10.15 ) . OAE analysis is a really sensitive index for presence or absence of hearing over 35-40 dubniums and can be a really helpful testing tool for observing NIHL and exaggerated hearing loss.Newer Research Trends in NIHLSome exciting research trends that offer more insight into basic pathophysiology of NIHL and possible development of newer curative schemes are: ( a ) Hair cell regeneration ( B ) Genetic and molecular footing for NIHL ( degree Celsius ) † Toughening † or â€Å" preparation † protocols by pre-exposure to low strength sounds anterior to exposure to high strength noise. ( vitamin D ) Antioxidant therapy for NIHL and acoustic injury It is now an established fact that avian hair cells can renew undermentioned harm due to resound and ototoxic drugs [ 67 ] . Similar surveies on neonatal biddies have shown that hair cell regeneration occurs from back uping cells under the influence of acoustic harm [ 68 ] . A more recent mammalian survey has shown the ability of mammalian cochlea to renew hair cells following ototoxic harm [ 69 ] . The function of growing factors is being evaluated in act uponing this regeneration [ 70 ] .Recent research besides demonstrated the functional capableness of such regeneration [ 71 ] . Further research in this way appears rather promising and offers a possible healing intervention of noise and drug induced hearing loss. Antioxidants in the intervention of noise injury have been used with good consequences in the ague puting [ 22, 72, 73 ] . Clinical tests to formalize their usage are awaited. The function of â€Å" conditioning † or ‘toughening † of the ear by anterior exposure to low strength noise before exposure to damaging noise has been tried and carnal theoretical accounts have shown singular protection of interior ear hair cells, presumptively by increasing anti-oxidant degrees [ 74 ] . Though they have shown great promise in inventing newer remedy and preventative protocols against NIHL, they have limited practical applications at nowadays. Attempts are on to happen out if there are familial factors in the susceptibleness to NIHL. It has been seen that some strains of inbred mice are more susceptible to NIHL than others. Scientists are seeking to insulate a NIHL cistron to a chromosomal venue. Recently a recessionary cistron ( ALI ) that is responsible for premature age-related hearing loss has been shown to be related to inordinate susceptibleness to NIHL [ 75 ] . If such familial linkage can be established in human existences it opens up new views for testing for susceptibleness for NIHL and possible intervention of NIHL.Non Auditory Effects of NoiseA big figure of non- audile effects of NIHL that adversely affect the wellness of an person have been described. Important nonspecific effects of NIHL are intervention with communicating, hapless efficiency and work end product, crossness and irritation, perturbation of slumber and remainder and early fatigability. Some major systemic unwellnesss like high blood pressure, peptic ulcers, emotional agitation and mental unwellnesss have associated with NIHL. However, there is limited grounds to back up these associations.Treatment of NIHLAs is true for all types of sensorineural hearing losingss, NIHL unluckily can non be cured but it likely is the individual largest cause of preventable hearing loss all over the universe. The pronouncement â€Å" Prevention is better than remedy † holds true in NIHL and preventative steps and personal hearing defenders are discussed later. As with any disease, where the pathogenesis is multifactorial, multiple intervention modes have been tried for NIHL with varying and at times conflicting consequences. Most intercessions would look to work for acute jobs like acute acoustic injury and NITTS where published literature abounds. However, the job is compounded by the greatly varied rates of self-generated declaration. The function of hyperbaric O therapy ( HBOT ) has been evaluated and reported of benefit if commenced early [ 76 ] . The function of HBOT in acute acoustic injury is better studied and recommended where executable [ 77 ] . Some studies of acoustic injury being treated with a mixture of 10 % carbondioxide and 90 % O ( Carbogen ) are available in the literature. It is suggested that the vasodilatory consequence of carbogen prevents or reduces noise induced PTS following acoustic injuries [ 78 ] . The writers in their personal experience of handling acute acoustic injury with carbogen have found it utile in re stricting the hearing loss. The function of accessory Vit E with Carbogen has shown to hold benefit in NITTS [ 73 ] . The fact that Magnesium can perforate the hematocochlear barrier and its comparative deficiency of side effects have led to research in istusease for acute acoustic injury with encouraging consequences [ 79 ] . The function of steroids have been investigated in NIHL besides. As with the intervention of sudden SNHL, intratympanic steroids appear to cut down outer hair snake pit loss in rats exposed to acute noise [ 80 ] . There is deficiency of conclusive grounds in the clinical use of intratympanic steroids though a recent study has shown good consequences [ 81 ] . Recent research has hovered in researching anti-oxidants to cut down the abuse to cochlea with promoting carnal surveies [ 72 ] . For more lasting threshold jobs, most intercessions do non demo any benefit and rehabilitation with hearing AIDSs is an first-class option in bettering the communicating position of people enduring from NIHL. Advanced digital and programmable hearing AIDSs offer really good quality of hearing betterment and should be liberally prescribed.NIHL- Magnitude of job in developing statesNoise pollution is a planetary job of great magnitude and NIHL is possibly the individual largest cause of preventable hearing loss. In developed states it is the biggest compensatable occupational jeopardy and histories for about one tierce of all individuals enduring from hearing damage. Most of the developed states are bit by bit conveying noise under control. However in developing states the industrial and urban societal noise is on the rise and is doing serious environmental noise pollution. The hazard of NIHL from societal noise is increasing twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours for immature people i n most underdeveloped states. This is due to rapid industrialisation, unchecked proliferation of cars particularly two Wheelers and autorickshaws with two shot engines. In many developing states there is a deficiency of statute law against noise pollution and, when nowadays, these Torahs are ill implemented. Therefore bar of occupational and environmental noise pollution must take top precedence in public wellness direction. Some of the studies from developing states of South Asia and South East Asia sing urban societal noise and its deductions are dismaying [ 82 ] . In Pakistan unchecked urbanisation has increased the noise degrees in metropoliss like Karachi, Lahore and Faisalabad. Road traffic particularly autorickshaws which do non hold silencers produce noise degrees up to 100 -110 dubnium. The mean ambient noise degree in the busy streets of Karachi was found to be above 90 dubnium. There is a high incidence of NIHL in the major industries of Pakistan particularly textile Millss and sheet metal industries. Though statute law against noise pollution and hearing preservation exists, it is ill implemented. In India thorough statute law for allowable ambient noise degrees in assorted countries, work topographic point noise criterions and noise criterions for motor vehicles exist but there is serious deficiency of execution [ Tables 10.25, 10.26, 10.27 ] . Traffic noise in busy intersections of larger metropoliss frequently reaches 100 dubnium. There is increasing incidence of NIHL in a big population that is at hazard. In a survey carried out in the metropolis of Pune in 2000 by the Department of ENT, Armed Forces Medical College revealed a traffic noise between 87-97 dubnium in busy intersections of the metropolis [ 83 ] . An audiometric study carried out by Singh VK, Mehta AK of 421 traffic police officers the metropolis of Pune, showed that 81.3 % of them showed some grade of NIHL and badness of NIHL increased linearly with length of service. In the same survey 225 autorikshaw drivers who are routinely exposed to loud traffic noise were besides audiometrically reviewed and 81.1 % of them were found to hold NIHL [ 84 ] . In a similar survey conducted on traffic police officers in 2000, 74.3 % of 207 police officers were found to hold NIHL of changing grades [ 83 ] . Thus sociacusis is going a major job in developing states and the job needs to be tackled on war terms.Damage hazard standardsHazard of NIHL has been found to hold a definite relationship between strength of sound and continuance of exposure. Burns and Robinson [ 86 ] brought forth the construct of equal energy which suggests that lasting harm to hearing is related to entire sound energy which is merchandise of strength of sound in assumed name and continuance of exposure. They assumed that equal sum of energy causes equal hearing loss and concluded after extended research that the equal energy construct could be applied to finding day-to-day safe degrees of strength and exposure continuance to assorted noises. This translates into 8 hours day-to-day exposure to 90dB ambient noise and for every addit ion of 3 dubnium, the continuance of exposure is halved. For e.g. a 93 dubnium noise degree will allow merely 4 hours of exposure. This is the recognized norm in most European states. There is a suggestion that if the noise exposure is intermittent as in most industries, the ear has clip to retrieve from noise injury and hence a 4 dubnium halving and doubling is more suited [ 11 ] . In the United States of America a 5 dubnium halving and doubling has been suggested by CHABA ( Committee on hearing, Bioacoustics and Biomechanics ) in mid 60 ‘s. OSHA ( US occupational safety and hearing criterions ) permits a 5 dubnium halving and doubling of exposure and the criterion is known as LOSHA and the European criterion of 3 dubnium doubling and halving is known as Leq ( Table 10.28 ) . 90dBA has been universally accepted as safe strength of exposure up to 8 hours but there is instance for cut downing this bound to 85 dubnium and to originate hearing preservation programme from 85 assum ed names flat [ 85 ] . These criterions can merely be adapted for steady province uninterrupted noise. Appropriate criterions for impact noise are non universally available.Hearing preservation ProgrammeNoise is the individual largest cause of preventable hearing loss and with of all time increasing degrees of noise in all walks of life NIHL has attained a planetary importance. NIHL can non be cured with the current province of medical cognition. However it can be reduced and minimized, if non wholly prevented, by effectual hearing preservation programme. An effectual hearing preservation programme is a multi-disciplinary attempt necessitating enforceable statute law from the authoritiess, managerial engagement, technology and medical engagement. Alberti has suggested an ideal hearing preservation programme for occupational hearing loss that has eight stages [ 2 ] : ( a ) Noise jeopardy designation ( B ) Technology controls ( degree Celsius ) Personal hearing protection ( vitamin D ) Monitoring audiometry ( vitamin E ) Record maintaining ( degree Fahrenheit ) Health instruction ( g ) Enforcement ( H ) Programme rating Hazardous noise degrees in the industry and work topographic point can be identified with preciseness sound degree metres. Periodic sound degree monitoring over moderately long periods to place potentially risky work topographic point environment and effectual technology controls to cut down the degree of noise by alteration in the engineering or replacing or redesigning of machinery and other technology intercessions to cut down the noise degrees. Administrative controls like rigorous enforcement of prescribed clip of exposure depending on the sound degrees, proviso of less noisy work environment and effectual and periodic wellness instruction of workers sing bar of NIHL. However personal hearing defenders are most critical for bar of NIHL. A big assortment of personal hearing defenders like ear stoppers, ear muffs and canal caps are available with changing grades of fading. The most of import facet of personal hearing defenders is the regularity of usage. Unless the workers use the m on a regular basis, they will be of no usage. Therefore, it is most indispensable to educate the workers. The most of import facet of taking a hearing defender device is worker comfort and the assurance of the worker utilizing it [ 88, 89 ] . The usage of single audiodosimeters are besides of importance in particular fortunes when it is required to measure the cumulative noise exposure of a individual exposed noise. The logging dosemeter integrates sound force per unit area over clip and a day-to-day noise degree with regard to current 90 dB/8hours per twenty-four hours exposure [ 14 ] . Hearing showing is besides a really of import measure in bar of occupational hearing loss. The map of hearing showing is to place those workers with hearing loss, place those whose hearing shows declining and to measure the effectivity of hearing testing programme [ 2 ] . Therefore periodic audiometric appraisal of workers at hazard is of paramount importance for early sensing of NIHL. Any alteration of 10 dubnium or greater in any frequence or an mean alteration of 10 dubnium or more in all frequences warrants a audience with ENT man for farther rating. The importance of record maintaining and periodic regular wellness instruction of workers about the hurtful effects of noise and utilize personal hearing defenders can non be ignored in any hearing preservation programme. In developing states, bar of NIHL must be taken as a serious public wellness job and appropriate stairss demands to be taken on a precedence footing at the national degree. A WHO study suggests following steps in this respect [ 86 ] : ( a ) National programme for bar of noise-induced hearing loss should be established in all states and integrated with primary wellness attention. This should include environmental and medical surveillance, noise decrease, effectual statute law, review, enforcement, wellness publicity and instruction, hearing preservation, compensation and preparation. ( B ) Prevention of NIHL must be appropriate, equal, acceptable and low-cost. ( degree Celsius ) Most of the population in developing states is nescient of the jeopardies of inordinate noise exposure. Awareness must be increased about the harmful effects of noise and about its bar and control of NIHL ( vitamin D ) There is an acute deficit of dependable epidemiological informations on prevalence, hazard factors and costs of NIHL from developing states. There is an pressing demand of structured and controlled surveies in this respect. ( vitamin E ) Research needs to be focused on pathophysiology, proficient steps for noise decrease, bettering personal hearing defenders and low cost medicines for bar ( degree Fahrenheit ) Communication and coaction should be strengthened between developed and developing states to ease research and development in this field.DecisionsWithout uncertainty NIHL is the individual most of import cause for preventable hearing loss in this universe today. This job of noise pollution is turning and is presuming epidemic proportions in many developing states. It is to be appreciated that it is practically impossible to cut down noise degrees in industry and in our metropoliss to safe adequate degrees for infinite exposure. Educating people about inauspicious effects of noise and its bar and the usage of personal hearing protective devices are the major schemes against NIHL. There is an pressing demand to rush research on the cardinal mechanisms involved in NIHL so that preventative and healing steps to cut down or extenuate the lasting hearing harm due noise are evolved.