Cheating Essay

Cheating is cheating yourself Cheating on school work is never justifiable. Students are responsible for their own work, and it is unfair to cheat in any form. Teachers grade students on their own academic ability and if a student is covertly or openly cheating that is considered infringement of being a student. Being a student requires personal interpretation, and analysis. Copying someone else’s work is disadvantageous. If cheating becomes a regular practice to someone it can be harmful to their future. Plagiarism is a major form of cheating that is distinctly forbidden. If students are not accountable for their own work, then they should be punished for it. The purpose of going to school is to learn and be able to consume new information. Copying someone else’s work does not serve this purpose and is useless regards to learning new material. For example, if a student is assigned to take notes on a certain reading, and hand in the same worded notes as another student it is possible that one student copied the other. If they worked on the notes together, and spent time to word it in the same way, this would not be considered cheating. However, if this was the case then the students should clarify with their teacher that the notes were worked on together. If this was not the case, this would be considered cheating and it should not be tolerated. From experience, I once allowed one of my friends to look over my class notes. As I graciously gave them the paper, I didn’t think that my friend would copy the notes word for word. A few days later, after handing in the notes, we got them back. I looked down at my paper and saw on th e top a zero written in red marker. I looked over at my friends paper which read the same grade. The teacher had both of us stay after class, and told us that he didn’t know who was responsible for taking the notes, and that either way it was cheating. As the year proceeded, I could tell my teacher was always skeptical of work that my friend and I would hand in following this incident. Cheating can lose values of trust, which I felt it did between my teacher and I. Since that day, I have not willingly handed out any of my papers. Since school in beneficial to an individual, cheating defeats this purpose. One of my teachers in high school would continuously repeat the saying â€Å"When you cheat, you cheat yourself.† I have seen people cheat their way through high school which does not better themselves in any way. For example, someone in my graduating class had the advantage of being one of the best football players in our conference, and was praised for it by my school and town. When ivy league schools started to recruit him, he figured he had to step his academic game up. How he did this was unfair because he regularly would copy other people’s work. Students would have no problem handing over papers to him, oblivious to what would happen to him in the long run. This phenomenal football player committed to Brown, I knew he had it coming. Since cheating became a regular practice to him, he would not be able to keep up with the academic work load at Brown. When asking a friend how he was doing, I heard that he was considering to transfer after the first semester. I assu med that this was because he did not feel like he could handle the school work since cheating had become part of his nature. In addition to cheating to yourself, this practice also includes false accomplishment. This football player had the privilege of attending Brown University, but his actions of getting there were unfair. He was a fully qualified football player for the University, but his academic level was a fraud. He might feel proud of this accomplishment for getting into and attending Brown, but really he is lying to himself. Cheating should never be tolerated, let alone regularly done because it results in negative effects such as what happened to this football player. Plagiarism is a major form of cheating that is frowned upon. Plagiarism is intolerable at colleges, and has detrimental consequences. In every one of my syllabus’s for my college course, plagiarism is addressed. It is clearly stated that if students are caught for plagiarizing, they will be penalized and consequences may even result in expulsion of the course. Plagiarism is defined as the practice of taking someone else’s work or ideas and passing them off as one’s own. It is unfair for one to claim that their work is someone else’s which is why a student is punished for it if they are caught. I have always been taught to make sure that I cite my sources if I have copied or taken information from another source. I am aware of the consequences of plagiarism so I am always careful when taking information  from other sources. I have had a friend in high school that got caught for plagiarism. There was no way for her to defend herself for the action, so she received a zero on this paper. There are no excuses for plagiarism which is why it is never justifiable. Cheating in relationships usually results in break ups. This is significant and similar to cheating on school work because as you could conclude from reading this paper, there are no advantages of cheating. One might feel that they will never get caught for such an action, but they themselves cannot feel satisfied for their work since it is not their own. My experience of handing out my paper to my friend made me more aware of the outcomes which could occur due to this action. This is why I have never cheated since this has happened. My observation of the football player at Brown demonstrated the false representation he played in regards to his academic achievements. The severe repercussions plagiarism creates are enforced at schools and universities throughout the world. Cheating is never acceptable on school work since there is nothing good that comes out of it.

How does Edgar Allan Poe misguide the reader in his story ‘The Black Cat’? Essay

When I first read the title of the story by Poe, My immediate assumption was that it was a mysterious story about a black cat that may contain superstition and witchcraft, because in literature, black cats are associated with superstition, darkness and evil but as the essay title questions how it misguides the reader, I thought that the story may have nothing to do with the supernatural. This story, ‘The Black Cat’ is by Edgar Allan Poe. We do not know of what the story is about but we make assumptions from the title and we do not know whether the narrator is male or female because the story is fictional but Poe writes as if it is a personal account and it had really happened to him. His intent of the story is to unburden his soul and I think he wants to confess to everyone and anyone who will listen to him as he says he wants to ‘place before the world what has happened’ and claims he is going to die tomorrow. The opening is unusual because of his proposal when he says ‘tomorrow, I will die’. Also he gives the storyline but without detail, is this to misguide us? We never usually see this in a story. I think the story is about someone who has been involved in a series of unfortunate household events that ‘have terrified, have tortured and have destroyed’ him. The general tone is a frightened and worried one because he says how it has affected him and used powerful language, such as ‘tortured’. Also the writer seems desperate for someone to explain these happenings. In this story this writer has wrote the story in first person. This means that being a reader I can emphasise with the narrator. In most stories the narrator is the hero, he is known as being courageous and have the characteristics of a hero although in this story this is not the case. Poe was the first writer to use this style and make the narrator an ‘anti-hero’ he is also called this because it doesn’t seem right to label him a villain, but he also is not a hero. At the beginning of the story the narrator tries to make you feel sympathetic towards them by telling you that ‘tomorrow, I will die’ and tells of how recent events have ‘tortured’, ‘terrified’ and ‘destroyed’ him. He then continues to tell us how he was a animal lover by saying ‘never was I so happy as when feeding and caressing them’. He also says how he was married early and his wife has ‘a disposition not uncongenial with my own’, he and his wife were very alike and quite obviously happy. We are perceived into thinking he is a nice a nice and well natured gentleman. However we have been misguided as he is far from this stereotype is reality. We are fooled into thinking that he was an animal lover who would never hurt a soul. He tries to get our sympathy because he is consumed with guilt at the fact he sickly mistreated and killed a cat and ill-treated and went on to try and kill his second cat with an axe, but instead he savagely and ‘accidentally’ killed his wife, he says how he ‘buried the axe in her brain’. We have been betrayed completely by the narrator. Another way that the reader is misguided is by the unusual structure. In most stories these usually contains only one major climax but in ‘The Black Cat’ there is a number of major climax’s but the events that happen in the climax’s gets worse as the story goes on, making us forget the last climax that happened and we become ‘immune’. The first major climax is when the narrator ‘gouges the cats’ eye out’. We think this is the major climax but as the story progresses the events become worse and go from the cat being hanged and then finally resulting in his wife being murdered by him. He does this because he wants to tell us the evil things he has done one-by-one because he hopes we will forget about the previous atrocities and still feel sympathy for him. I also feel that, Pluto was used to misguide the reader in this story. First off, we find out that the cat is named Pluto, this could be associated with a mysteriousness and possibly magic and witchcraft. Poe then continues to say how at first the cat was an affectionate, loving pet, none the less he reveals his wife’s belief cats are witches in disguise. This automatically makes us think that supernatural happenings will later come into the story. The fact that he says about the cats white patch changing into a collar like a noose and that the second cat is a reincarnation of the first seems pretty surreal and unbelievable. The reason for this is so that we also believe that the cat is evil. The main role of the cat in this story is to divert the blame from the narrator to the cat for the terrible things he had done and the murder of his wife. The story would be incomplete without the cat, as it would just be about a man who has killed his wife; the cat is the main character. Another way Poe attempts to misguide the reader is by using doubles, a common factor used in gothic horror stories to show the story contains split personallities. In this story, it is two cats that are used as doubles to highlight the fact of the narrators split personality. Also another thing that suggests the narrator has a split personallity is the gouging of his cats eye. In english litrature, the gouging of an a eye is interpretted as the person who done it, wanting to be self-castrated. As this story was wrote in the pre 20th century when homosexuallity was illegal, one theory is that the narrator may have in denile of being homosexual,. This relates back to the self-castration, is it possible he wanted to become a woman? So that it was legal to have relationships with males. And by killing his wife with an axe demonstrates his inability to be with a woman. In conclusion I felt the purpose in the narrator writing his account of what had happaned was to divert the blame of all the horrible things he had done, off of himself. My personal reaction tp this story was rather excited and anxious as to what would happen next, after each climax, but I also felt quite disturbed as the story made me be in the mind of a murderer.

Northern Ireland Conflict Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Northern Ireland Conflict - Case Study Example Carmichael and Knox (2004) suggest that the peace process could only happen due to the associated power sharing, elected assembly and reformed system of public administration and civic engagement. Carmiuchae and Knox suggest that the implementation of the peace process was only an attempt to institutionalise stability through a political agreement. Along with changes in the peace agreement, there has also been changes in governance and practices in public sector and civil administration. Following the peace agreement there is a more complex and multilayered governance structure along with participation of local authorities and public bodies that seem to control the administration. Issues of territorial management exposes problems of constitutional loopholes and controversies that still seem to afflict the governance process and it is important to highlight on the importance of an agreed system of governance for proper implementation of the peace process. This would obviously bring us to the question as to why the peace process in Northern Ireland was particularly so difficult to achieve and what were the barriers to a successful resolution of the Northern Ireland conflict. As we have suggested, the loss of a balance of power and governance could be one of the reasons for which the peace process was being delayed and was proving to be difficult. ... rocess focused on improving the Anglo-Irish relations and deterioration of this relation during the conflict was again one of the main obstacles to the peace process. O'Kane (2004) point out to the apparent shifts in policy between the British and Irish governments and suggest that policy variations have been a major barrier to the successful resolution of the Ireland conflict. Mnookin (2003) highlights on the strategic barriers to dispute resolution and peace process and uses the case of Northern Ireland to illustrate his study. He suggests that in two party negotiations, the parties try to maximise their own individual returns and that a requirement for unanimity creates strategic barriers that may delay the political process of negotiation. Although certain decisions may be taken even without unanimity, the importance of the sufficient consensus standard as used for the Northern Ireland peace process would show that that not all peace agreements could have a complete political support from all parties concerned. The changing patterns of violence and the role of paramilitary groups which would be reasons of obstacle of the peace process have been considered by Jarman (2004). Jarman discusses on the changing patters of violence and paramilitary forces in Northern Ireland highlighting instances of violent crime, domestic violence, punishment' attacks, racist, homophobic violence, public disorder and rioting. Jarman highlights the role of the young people and paramilitary organisations and the subsequent police reform program that seems to have made important contributions in the pre peace stage and after the conflict resolution stage ad could have even acted as barriers to peace within a culture of violence. Within the context of barriers to the peace process,

Economics Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economics - Case Study Example To earn the wealth countries need to trade and maximize the difference in their balance of trade by maximizing exports that is a source of generating revenue and minimize imports that cost it to pay. There were two types of manufacturers; one who were export oriented and others who were domesticated with their products. Export oriented manufacturers favored the mercantilist approach and believed in subsidies, tax rebates etc. to increase their sales to foreign countries. But the domestic manufacturers foresee threats to their produces and wanted tariff quotas and stringent policies to restrict the trade. This mercantilist theory was before Adam Smith's. Then came the theory of absolute advantage; according to Adam Smith countries should export goods in which they have an absolute advantage and import other goods from countries that have absolute advantage in producing them i.e. goods in which they are more productive. Adam Smith's criticism to Mercantilists approach was that it confused the accumulation of treasure with the accumulation of wealth. The gold and silver that the country holds is not the wealth of the country. Wealth of a country according to him is measured by the wealth that the nationals of the country hold. And thus use the term absolute advantage to compare the productivity of people with other people, firms with other firms or between nations. The contemporary of Adam Smith was David Ricardo, who gave the concept of comparative advantage; according to Ricardo if there is no difference in productivity then there is no absolute advantage and hence no trade will take place amongst countries. There are some subtle and slight differences among the absolute and the comparative advantage theories, but it is important to take into account the differences. Firstly, as the term absolute and the comparative in the name themselves suggests that Adam Smith's theory takes absolute measures of productivity to compare and David Ricardo's relative measures to compare the productivity amongst the nations. Therefore if absolute productivity is same then trade should not occur according to Adam Smith but Ricardo suggests that it is important to look at the relative productivity for the trade to occur or not. Adam Smith's trade theory does not incorporate any differences that might arise from the different use of technology or probably the difference in the combination of the labor or capital input used. David Ricardo's model has an inherent assumption and a more practical approach that tells that countries differ in their usage of production technologies such that obviously one country will be more productive in use of its resources than the other. And therefore if both the countries specialize in their production areas then output for both the countries can increase. This increase in output would be because of enhanced productivity even when no more inputs are put into the production process. Then countries can contract between themselves and trade goods that are there specialty i.e. import products in which other country specializes and export in which it has its specialization. Then both countries can benefit from one another. Adam Smith's absolute

Systems of governance and authority Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Systems of governance and authority - Essay Example This resulted in significant losses among the European nations, both economically and politically, that had controlled resources in the Americas. The European countries ventured in Africa with a desire to maintain their wealth and political power. They promoted this new form of imperialism as a â€Å"moral obligation to civilize† the African communities (Louis, 2006). They also justified their entry and scramble for Africa with views such as seeking new markets and accessing resources for their newly formed industries. However, the main underlying reason for colonization of Africa was to seize the opportunity to demonstrate political and economic superiority over their rivals. Different countries used different approaches in exerting their influence on the African continent. The British used indirect rule while the French implemented the assimilation policy. The Belgians and Germans, on the other hand, used cruelty to maintain their control over African communities they ruled (Louis, 2006). Regardless of the tactics used, however, the hegemony over the African continent would only last a few generations before independ ence movements and revolutions emerged to help Africans regain control of their continent. Most of the communities in Africa reacted angrily to the control of the Europeans. Many of them rejected the colonial rule from the very onset. In Nigeria, for instance, the British Empire took over the region and exerted its control over the local communities. The Western African region the British took over was made up of different communities, some of which had their own leadership structures (Louis, 2006). Modern countries such as Nigeria, Benin, and Cameroun did not exist at the time the British gained control of the massive area in West Africa around River Niger. The British tried to bring the different communities together under one rule and one structure of governance. This move was met with great resistance,

They Say, I Say Homework Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

They Say, I Say Homework - Assignment Example A critical and intellectual thinker deduces consequences and makes useful information from what is available. A critical thinker engaging in debates and conversations cannot be confused by what others are saying, but will instead lead to a cooperative reasoning and strengthen the argument (Graff & Birkenstein 3). It involves coming into terms with the views presented. Even though one is at peace with what is presented, fresh ideas or evidence are necessary. The new ideas makes one a valuable contributor in the conversation (Graff & Birkenstein 7). A Combination of both agree and disagree makes the participants in an argument go beyond just responding for the sake of doing it. They do so with detailed evidence and reasons (Graff & Birkenstein 9). By saying â€Å"entering a conversation†, the authors refer to joining an ongoing conversation. They explain one does it by first listening and internalizing the ongoing discussion before making a contribution. What one needs to pay close attention to are the views of the other participants. What they say forms the basis of any views to be made (Graff & Birkenstein 3). The conversation they are talking about is academic writing, for example, argumentative essay

Pablo Picasso and Jackson Pollack Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pablo Picasso and Jackson Pollack - Essay Example In case of Jackson, it is rather different because he was more interested in raising questions than answering them. His paintings are believed to be the sources of exploring oneself and he always attempted and tried to help the audience in the process of imploration, Jackson’s work is all about finding one’s true potential. The artist used dull colors like black, grey and white in contrast. The themes that he used told a lot about him and his life as he was always looking to communicate his frustration, anger and confusion through his works. Pablo on the other hand, lived a very fulfilling and satisfied life and because of this reason, his paintings promoted happiness and pleasure in the world. The basic and fundamental purpose of writing this essay is to compare and contrast the works of Picasso and Pollack that go by the names of â€Å"Three Musicians† (Picassso, Three Musicians) and â€Å"Shewolf† (Pollock, Shewolf) respectively. The work of Picasso was painted in order to tell the people to make the most of their life by creating harmony with one and another as musicians play their pieces and add to the mass of this universe by pleasuring the people. The deep sense of Picasso’s own perception towards reality was revealed through the featured painting.

Deepening Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Deepening - Essay Example This has been interpreted differently, while there are some that have assimilated, some did not have the capacity to go through the assimilation process. This kind of individuals, eventually gave up and held up to their familiar ways of life. We begin with a story comprising of two close friends, Amy and Jeehynum, who have had similar experiences in high school. At the beginning, the two friends separated, and one travelled to Korea. It is apparent that the two have been friends from their childhood days, and their friendship culminates in high school, at a stage where their lives are close together. The future is uncertain, and the two do not know what to expect when they relocate to a different environment. For Amy, she has a different experience in regards to her college life, which makes her get filled up with mixed reactions, as events unfold. However, she starts off nicely, gets new friends and finally begins to catch up with the new environment. For Jeehyun, college years have been tough, and most of the times she would often try to assimilate into the environment with no much progress. It is evident that the two friends are experiencing culture shock; a situation in which a person feels disoriented as a result of being exposed to a new way of life. There are many causes, of this scenario, the notable and most familiar one being, when an individual is exposed to a foreign land (Ward, Bochner, and Furnham). Culture shock is addressed in four defining stages, these are honeymoon, negotiation, adjustment and mastery. The honeymoon stage comprises of a healthy view of the differences that are evident in the subjects. The strange land at this stage seems to be good and at times adventuress. It is at this stage, where the subjects would find nationals that are familiar and at times speak their language. This stage does not last for long, after a short period, it can take about two to three months. The next stage

Poland Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Poland - Essay Example ech Walesa and the ascendancy of Mikhail Gorbachev to the leadership of the USSR paved the way for the disintegration of the communistic hold on the country. Today, Poland has become a democratic, market-oriented country with membership in many international organizations. It is considered one of the success stories in the transition economies. In the 4th century, the Slav people who originally occupied the area between the Carpathian and the Middle Vistula in Eastern Europe, began drifting eastwards to Russia, southwards into the Balkans, and westwards towards the Order and Elbe Rivers. The pressures of a growing population resulted in the expansion of the areas originally inhabited by the Slavs. A written account of the country appeared only in the 14th century although a historical highlight of the country started when its ruler Mieszko I of the Piast Dynasty personally embraced Latin Christianity and imposed it on his people in 966. In the early medieval state, expeditions for plundering purposes were vital to the country’s existence but the reigns of Mieszko II (1025-34), Boleslaw II (1058-81), and Boleslaw III (1102-38) were marked by internal revolts and foreign invasions. It was believed that the country had no leader between the years of 1034 and 1039 when paganism and Bohemian invasion threatened to pull t he country apart. It was Casimir â€Å"The Restorer† (son of Mieszko) who restored the territorial integrity of the country and established Kraskow as its capital (Lukowski & Zawadzki p 7). Before 1157, not all of Poland accepted Christianity. However, the 12th century witnessed invasions, in the name of the religion, one after another. A deeper Christianity was established in the 12th and 13th centuries when more friars came and monasteries were established. The coming of the new bishops presented a new form of political authority in Poland, limiting the ruler’s monopoly to it. During these times, the rulers tried to attract settlers to augment

The crime of Rance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The crime of Rance - Essay Example This implies that they are not socially responsible and they do not care about the safety of the citizens. Considering that this building is under renovation, it is clear that the concert has been planned for a malicious activity and not a good thing. Furthermore, a building that is under renovation presents security concerns with reference to the safety of the users. The teenager that is passing out the flyers cannot be convicted. This is because she has been hired by Rance, which is a reputable advertising company to distribute these flyers. Hence, she does not know anything regarding the issue of the concert and the associated negative or positive benefits of running the concerts. Her role is to market the event and she lacks knowledge on the use of the XTC drugs during the event. Moreover, the front corporation, which is under the control of the international criminal Wilhelm Building, should be convicted. This is because the owner knows that the building is under renovation and is leasing it for a social event. Hence, the owner should face the property crime of false pretenses because he pretended the building was in good condition yet it was under renovation. The owners can also be charged with the crime against the illicit use of the drugs. Such is because they did not vet the producers leasing the building in an effective manner to understand the nature of the concert. Hence, since they knew it was a one-day event, it implies that they had knowledge of the illegal activities linked to the concert.

Environmental Impact of Prescribed burning in the United States Essay Example for Free

Environmental Impact of Prescribed burning in the United States Essay The term prescribed burning refers to a management practice in which fire is used to burn a predetermined area under specified environmental conditions.   Burning in this case is used as a management tool in areas that are vulnerable to catching fire due to the ground cover that acts as fuel load. In addition, burning is considered to be the most environmentally friendly and cheapest method of having woody growth in an ecosystem controlled.   Prescribed burning in the United States is common. In this form of burning, controlled fires are used to burn a specified land area after proper planning which ensures that the present weather conditions are favorable for the burning. When weather conditions are not suitable for the burn, negative impact of the fire in the burnt areas is likely to be witnessed (Dale et al, 2009).   In the United States, prescribed burning is considered to be a very important management tool due to the benefits associated with it.   Both the landowners and the United States National Forest System have been using prescribed burning for many years. According to the United States fire policy in relation to the forest ecosystem, there is need to undertake prescribed burning in order to enhance the growth of commercial forests, prevent wildfire damage and to enhance fire dependent ecosystems.   However, prescribed burning has been criticized for its negative impact on the environment. For instance, prescribed burning results to the clearing of land or use of land for agricultural activities that have negative effects on the environment.   In this paper, the impact of prescribed burning on the environment in the United States will be discussed.   The paper will focus on the effect of prescribed burning on land after it is cleared by prescribed fires.   Land clearing that results from the burning impacts negatively on the vegetation, soil, water and biodiversity. Thesis In the United States prescribed burning is made necessary by the conditions in the forest ecosystems or ranches. The burning aims at preventing wildfires that can damage properly or lead to death of the people if the fuel load on the ground encourages wild fires.   In addition, the United States national forest system undertakes prescribed burning activities due to the ecological benefits that burning gives to the forests.   The national forest system associates prescribed burning to the reduction of wildfire hazards, land improvement, game habitat enhancement, insect and disease management and site preparation for reforestation (Biswell, 1999). Examples of areas that have undergone prescribed burning activities include the California wild lands, Florida Flatwoods and the Southern eastern US National Forest.   It is important to realize that although prescribed burning in these areas has its benefits to the ecosystem and the people; it also impacts negatively on the environment over time. Negative environmental impact of prescribed burning occurs despite the fact that prescribed burning is planned in a manner that minimizes negative effects of burning on the environment.   This has made the issue of prescribed burning to become a subject of debate in the country .While some consider prescribed burning to reduce negative impact of wild fires on the environment, burning can also impact negatively on the environment.   Land clearing that result from the burning has negative effect on the environment. Discussion Negative impact of Prescribed burning on vegetation after clearing of land Prescribed burning results to the clearing of land in a predetermined area as the fire burns the fuel load.   The burning has both indirect and direct negative effects after land clearing by the fire.   Land clearing in turn has negative effects on the vegetation, water, soil and wildlife. The negative impact of prescribed burning in the United States has been witnessed in some areas because prescribed burning has become a very important activity in the country. Every year, hundreds of thousands of hectares are burned. Although various methods of burning are used burn the vegetation cover in the predetermined areas, fires destroy the existing vegetation by either injuring or killing the entire plant or parts of the plant.   This depends on the duration that the fire burns or the intensity of the fire.   Prescribed burning based on the slash reduction method results to the reduction of debris. This method is also used to reduce debris in case of a natural event or road construction.   When management ignited fire is used, the burning of a stand that has been established is done while ensuring that fire does not spread beyond the predetermined area. While small trees are completely burned during the burning, larger trees may survive the fires but some of their trees may be destroyed.   When fires are ignited, the burning forest fuels increase the temperatures which make it difficult for the vegetation to survive. Since when it comes to burning the temperature of the vegetation and that of the air are very important, people who have the responsibility to ignite fires should do it when the air and vegetation temperatures cannot encourage fires that can have adverse effects on the environment.   For instance, prescribed fires in the United States during winter top kill the hard woods while hardwood rootstocks are killed by summer burns. In areas where burning has not been done for a longtime, deep organic layer that accumulates during prescribed burning leads to the cambial damage of trees. Because only little heat is required to destroy the plant cells in growing plants, burning the vegetation kills growing plants. This leads to the short and long term destruction of the vegetation which over time exposes land to changes that impact negatively on the good conditions of the environment. One short term and long term impact of prescribed burning in the Sequoia and Kings Canyon National parks in the United States is the change in species composition (Mary Berth, 2000).   This change alters proper functioning of the ecosystem since it leads to the growth of new species while those that earlier existed and are not tolerant to fire before the fire fail to regenerate. These two parks are located in California’s South Nevada areas.   The parks cover about 864, 383 acres of land and prescribed burning in these two parks was made necessary by the desire to initiate ecological benefits in the parks.   The two parks prescribed fire programs were developed in 1969 and continues to be implemented in order to reduce fuel hazard problem that may result from heavy surface fuel loads.   Though the fires have been used to reduce the damage that may result from severe wild fires, change in species composition due to the clearing of land by fires has over the years been witnessed in the parks. Fires have limited the growth of species that are not tolerant to the fire ignited over a long time.   For instance, the increase in relative density of the giant Sequoia due to prescribed fires over a long time has altered the growth and survival of some other plant species.   The successful fire regimes restoration in the parks has encouraged the regeneration of the species that are fire-adapted at the expense of the species that are less-adapted to fire.   The reduction of fuel load and the restoration of forest structure after the fires alter the number and pattern of growth of plant species.   The parks have conifer forests dominated by the sequoia species. The change in the species number in a forest ecosystem affects the proper functioning of the natural ecosystem and this may lead to bare ground and soil erosion when plants and animals that promote proper functioning of the ecosystem are eliminated from the environment. In ecologically sensitive habitats in the United States, prescribed fires have had adverse effects on the regeneration and survival of plant species.   For example, the riparian areas in a forest system.   A study carried out to determine the effect of prescribed fire on the riparian areas in the Dark Canyon area showed that the fire consumed 90 per cent of the ground fuel, 79 per cent of the riparian zone pre-fire fuel, and 34 per cent of the total surface fuel.   The fire significantly reduced the percentage cover of the surface vegetation (Beche et al, 2005). As compared to the unburned areas, the burned area showed a change in the plant taxa richness after the regeneration of vegetation.   The reduction in plant taxa cover and richness changed the under story riparian vegetation community composition. These changes show that when an area experiences prescribed burning for a long time, disappearance of some species can lead to reduction in the percentage of vegetative cover. In the California Oak woodlands, the Native Americans used fire to have the Oak woodland vegetation altered.   Prescribed fires are considered to reduce the under story woody vegetation and have the tree density is lowered.   After the fires, regeneration may result to growth of vegetation in patches.   Since the settlement of Euro-Americans in the area, prescribed fire ignited in an ecosystem to create land for livestock ranches has removed the vegetation cover and instead encouraging the growth of plant species that are good for forage production. The woody vegetation in the area has been affected.Eventually, reduced vegetation cover has made it easy for soil to be exposed to either wind or rain erosion.Prescribed fires in Oregon’s Mixed – conifer forests of Crater Lake over the years have altered species composition by killing species that are not fire resistant while providing favorable conditions for the regeneration of fire-resistant species (Agee, 2003).   The Crater Lake National park has in the past prescribed a fire program that aims at increasing growth of pine trees and killing of the white fir tree species in the park.   Natural ecosystems can undergo succession to form forests that are dominated by the hardwood. The southeast region in the United States is considered to be the most fire dependent area in the country.   The removal of fuel loads in burned areas impacts negatively on the environment when over time plant species that support proper functioning of an ecosystem are eliminated. This makes an ecosystem to be vulnerable to changes that have adverse effects on the environment.

Consumer Behavior When Purchasing A Car Marketing Essay

Consumer Behavior When Purchasing A Car Marketing Essay Imagine you are a consumer who is about to purchase a car. You may imagine it to be any consumer (male or female, in full time employment or student, married or single, old or young, rich or poor, children or no children, etc) but be sure to clearly state the personal characteristics you imagine this particular consumer to have. It may also be useful at this point to establish whether you are able to gain information on your imaginary chosen consumer (from sources such as Mintel) so that you have credible sources from which to base your report on. Please note that this consumer need not be you! Your report is expected to describe and explain the characteristics that affect consumer behaviour and outline the consumer decision-making process as it relates to purchasing a car for this consumer. You should also discuss the relevance of the decision-making process to Marketers of cars in general and provide recommendations of how they can influence the stages of the decision-making process. Introduction The term consumer behavior includes the customers of specific goods and the people using the goods. It is usually used to refer to any human market behavior and use of products and services. Today, consumer behaviour is a multidisciplinary science that investigates not only the consumer decision-making process and the acquisition of product, but also the further activities of the consumer after the purchase of the product, such as using, evaluating and rejecting the product or service (Blackwell et al. 2001). In the present essay, the theory of consumer behavior and the consumer decision-making process will be examined together with the example of a 35 year old woman, married with one kid, living in a big city that wants to buy a car. The main features of consumer behavior To better understand consumer behavior, it should be taken into account the factors that most influence the decision-making process. These factor are the following: Consumer Behavior Incentives According to the definition given by Wilkie (1994) people buy and consume goods to satisfy their needs and desires. It could be said that consumer behavior is a behavior motivated to meet specific goals, needs and desires. In most cases though not all of the consumer behavior, people buy and consume goods as a means to satisfy some of the needs material and sometimes emotional. It should be noted that consumers motives are not always obvious to third parties and as a result the use of theories and conduct of researches are necessary for better understanding of consumer behavior. In the present example, the woman wants a car to go to work, pick up kids from school and go to super-market. These are her stated needs. The car marketer should find out the emotional needs of the particular customer. A part of consumer behavior derives purely from functional motives), such as when someone buys bricks to build a house, buys a car to satisfy transportation needs while another part of his/her behavior is stimulated by selfexpressive motives (Wilkie, 1994:), as when someone buys a gift for to thank a family member or buy a car to satisfy his prestige needs. Blackwell et al.(2001),in contrast with this position argue that the needs of consumers should not be divided into two major categories, but in subcategories that should include and explain better the different consumer needs. Some of these needs are the physiological needs, the need for health and safety (as it is the case of the car safe travels), love and companionship, the need of financial resources, the need for pleasure, the need for the creation of the social image of the individual (buying a specific car brand to enhance personal prestige), the need of possessing (everybody has a car) and the need of information (Blackwe ll et al. 2001:233-245). At this point it should be mentioned that most consumer behaviors wish to fulfill more than one target or needs, thus not only talking about one motive, but about a group of motives which motivates consumer behavior. In the present example, the groups of motives are transportation, social image and possession needs. In addition, while some motives may be visible to consumers and third parties, others may be more difficult to determine, for example when the decisions that should be taken are more complex and closely linked to the feelings of the consumer. The activities of consumer behavior The act of consuming cannot be addressed unilaterally. It should be taken into account the thoughts, feelings, plans, decisions, markets and experiences accumulated by the act of consumption. Certainly, a researcher of purchasing behavior who focuses on the act of consumption and does not consider it globally, may omit other equally important activities (advertising, opinions of others, collection of information, evaluation of alternatives, purchase decision, type of payment, product use, etc.) that are contained within it and they are equally important. These activities can be distinguished into deliberate and coincidental. For example, the activity of the decision of buying a product can be described in most cases as a deliberate consumer behavior as it is the case of the car where the consumer has to plan in advance the car purchase. On the other hand, when a consumer visits a store to buy a specific product in mind, s/he sees a multitude of other goods and not a few times he can buy some of these without having a plan. Such consumer behavior may be classified as impulsive. This differentiation is particularly useful to researchers of consumer behavior and advertisers, who understand the mechanisms of behavior more comprehensively (Wilkie: 1994). The process of consumer behavior The concept of process which includes various activity stages is a very useful approach to better understand consumer behavior. This process has three stages. The first stage of the activities of pro- buying could include the actions to select the product which is followed by the second stage of purchase of the product and finally the third stage of the after-purchase, which includes actions such as the depreciation of the product. The activities before buying the car could be search at auto-magazines, advertisement exposure etc., whereas at the third stage there could be activities like the evaluation of technical service etc. The treatment of consumer behavior as a process, stresses the importance of the stages that precede and follow the one of the purchase (Wilkie 1994:17), and gives guidelines to analyze the reason why a consumer makes specific purchases. Diversification of consumer behavior Two elements that could differentiate the consumer behavior of the individual are the the time and complexity of the decision. Time refers to when the decision is taken and the duration of the completion of the process. Complexity refers, in turn, to the number of activities involved in making a decision but also to the difficulty of this decision. Buying a car is a complex decision since it involves product and price comparison, ways of payment etc. Since it is a complex decision it is also time consuming. Relating these two concepts, it is understood that the more complex a decision is, the more time is needed for the decision. It is understandable that the more complex a decision is the greater will be the activities of the pre-purchase. In the present case, the activities could be talking to friends, look at car magazines, go to car exhibitions etc. Many times, however, the consumer to avoid a possible delay, which may lead to a not so profitable market s/he has not seen offers for the product so s/he acts with less detail than he could. In other words, s/he tries to simplify the decision-making process in the following ways (Wilkie:1994): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The consumer is not always looking for the best purchase, but for a good acceptable purchase. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ S/he is driven by information, advice and recommendations of third parties. The opinion of friends and family can play a significant role in the car buying decision. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ S/he trusts brands and stores purchased in the past and has remained satisfied with them. The salesman should check the previous brands purchased by the customer. Several times, the process of satisfying needs, is confronted with the simplification of the decision making process. As for example, the purchase of a relatively cheap product which should have the required by the consumer quality standards. Many consumers face such dilemmas, maintaining an agility on the purchasing process, therefore they can take advantage of these situations. Roles and Consumer Behavior A consumer in the decision process and after having made the decision,may have more than one roles, for example s/he can be the person that affects the final decision of the purchaser or user (influencer). S/he could be practicing these three roles at the same time as when shopping alone or when shopping only for himself. Consumer behavior, may influenced by others, so the role of the individual who affects the final decision may be played by people of the individuals wider social environment a friend / the family or otherwise it could be the salesman. In the present example this woman could be influenced by her husband in her decision. Moreover the role of the user in many cases could not be the purchaser and / or influencer, but a third person who will use the product purchased. It is understandable, that the possible combinations of these three roles could be outnumbered by those already mentioned, depending on the consumer, the external environment but also his personality. The woman, for example, may be influenced by her husband but she has her own personality thus she may choose the car brand that is more suitable to her. The roles of consumers mentioned above are born through social interactions. Very few purchases are made driven solely by the ego consciously or subconsciously peoples decisions take always into account their social circle. It is also important to note that the roles change during the lifetime of the consumer. For example, a child rarely can be an influencer and even more rarely buyer. The purchases of a childless young man usually involve himself, and a consumer with children buys largely for his family and certainly is influenced by the needs of other family members as it is the case in the present example. Extrinsic factors and Consumer Behavior It is a fact that the consumer is influenced by his/her environment, a fact that highlights the ability to adapt to different circumstances, depending always on the needs that should be met. This exogenous influence impacts on the consumer decision-making process. These factors are: Culture refers to beliefs, values and opinions shared by members of the society where people live and has a catalytic effect on peoples behavior during their life by putting limits in peoples understanding on which products and services are acceptable. The subcultures, are groups of people who belong in the broader context of culture and share similar values and attitudes. A subculture could be working women with children Some examples are those of gender, ethnicity, race, age and religion. Also, the social class that someone belongs to is a factor that may influence consumer behavior (Pinson Jolibert: 1998). Like what is his/her job, income and education level that s/he has. One of the main factors affecting the purchasing behavior is the family. Especially in Mediterranean societies, where the family institution is still strong, people are influenced by consumer habits as children and later as adults. The social surroundings and the reference groups to which people belong is an equally important factor, since everyday conversations and contacts affect consumer habits. For example, if someone play sports, s/he will definitely be affected by the advice of his/her coach regarding his/her dietary habits and clothes preferences. The external conditions such as inflation and unemployment or an illness in the family are factors that will determine the amount to be spent to purchase a product and when it is best to purchase a specific commodity. The marketing environment in conjunction with the presence at mass media is an area that in recent decades has gained immense power of influence in todays consumer. For example, usually the ads aim to influence consumer for a particular product of a certain brand, while the factor culture does not suggest specific brands but more goods for consumption. As stated by Peter and Olson, (1998), culture influences consumer behavior, which in turn may enhance the formulation and development of culture. Conclusion In the present essay ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µ ÃŽÂ · ÃŽÂ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ à Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ÃŽÂ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ® ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ­Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ à Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ · ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ®Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 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ÃŽÅ ¸ à Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã…’ÃŽÂ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ ´ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ®ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ ÃŽÂ µÃƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ à Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã…’à Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ ´ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ´ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ­ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ à Ã…’à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ à Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ­ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ ÃŽÂ ºÃƒ Ã…’à Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ ÃŽÂ · ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬ ÃŽÂ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã…’à Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ®Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ÃŽÂ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ à Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ à Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ  †¡ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± ÃŽÂ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± ÃŽÂ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã…’à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µ ÃŽÂ · ÃŽÂ ´ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ®ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ · ÃŽÂ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± à Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ®Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ ÃŽÂ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ® à Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬ ÃŽÂ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ à Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ­ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ µÃƒ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡. 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RGB Components Color Images Encryption in FRT Ranges

RGB Components Color Images Encryption in FRT Ranges RGB Components Color Images Encryption in FRT Ranges Somayeh Komeylian Department of Tel-Communication Engineering, Islamic Azad University South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran Armin Mehrabian Department of Medical, Mashhad Medical Science University, Mashhad, Iran Saeed Komeylian Factory of graduated students, Department of Tel-Communication Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran Latest works are doing on date encryption/color Image in optic range as well as Digital ranges. In this research, color Images encryption has been done by RGB components in FRT ranges for any kind of encryption random phase codes. Moreover, one single-part encryption method has been performed for color twin images. Encrypted twin RGB images by their color map converted to indexed format. One Algorithm used for incorporating two images in order to encrypt in FRT domain. Outlined Algorithm of 15entering parameter involved generally that random phases could be considered as keys for encryption. Unsuitable selection of any keys during encryption will have negative results. Presence of many keys help in building system thats intensely safe against unpermitted accessibility it could be seen that encrypted images were completely safe against unpermitted time accessibility that has false fractional commands in all three channels. Keywords: RGB Components; Color Images; Encryption. By developing Multimedia network, connection and publication techniques, tendency to send and gain Digital Date, especially images, extended a lot. Protecting individual and hiding things for permitted users and ensuring accessibility for legal Data and security considered as the most important subject in connections and image storage. One of the certain ways for immunity is encryption different optic methods recommended well for Digital methods and encrypting images. That consisted of good recognition of (DRPE) Double random phase encryption [1-3]. This method statistically uses Double Random phase in entrance and Fourier phase for input image encryption into a stationary white noise. This method generalization conducted toward fractional Fourier domain and then considerable help has been done by authors and researchers [7, 8]. In addition, many remarkable works are doing on date encryption/color Image in optic range as well as Digital ranges. In the other related works for color Im ages encryption, RGB color Image RGB components in FRT ranges used for any kind of encryption random phase codes and FRT fractional commands as keys [6]. Moreover, one single-part encryption method has been performed for color twin images [5]. Encrypted twin RGB images by their color map converted to indexed format. One Algorithm used for incorporating two images in order to encrypt in FRT domain. Mentioned Method is Single-part and permitted processing in a simple direction [4]. A. Definition of FRT Conventionally, The nth order FRT fn(xn) Of a function f(x) is calculated using integral transform kernel given by follow equation [4]. (1) Where (2) Moreover, X and xn represent the coordinate systems for the input (zero order) domain and the output (nth order) fractional domain respectively. The FRT is linear and has the property that it is index additive: (3) Where a and b are different fractional orders of the FRT. It is possible to extend the definition of the FRT order beyond  ±2 (4) Where m is an integer. B. Concept of Colored Indexed Images Colored image in our context is represented as fn(x. y), where   x and y are spatial coordinates and n denotes the index of primary color components (n=0, 1, 2) f0(x. y), f1(x. y) and f2(x. y) correspond to RGB color components respectively. A colored image con be viewed as a stack as a stack of RGB components forming a m-n-3 array, with each pixel as a triplet corresponding to the values of the primary color components. On the other hand, an indexed image consists of a data matrix and a color map matrix. The color map matrix is an m-3 array of class double containing floating point values in the range [0, 1], where m is a function of the color system and it defines the number of colors it defines. Each row of the color map matrix specifies the red, green, and blue components of a single color. An indexed image uses direct mapping of the pixel intensity values to color map values. The color of each image pixel is determined by using the corresponding value of the data matrix as a pointer into color map. Unlike a colored image (Which is a 3-D matrix), an indexed image is a 2-D array, and simplifies the encryption as the color map is uniquely defined for a given color system. The same can be extracted from the color image and only a 2-D indexed image can be encrypted. Thus the process of encryption and decryption can be carried out in a single channel similar to the gray scale images, and the colored image can be retrieved after adding the color map to the decrypted indexed image [4]. A. Recommended Encryption Algorithm Colored image in our context is represented as follow equation: (5) Where, x and y are spatial coordinates and n denotes the index of primary color components (n=0, 1, 2) f0(x. y), f1(x. y) and f2(x. y) correspond to red, green, and blue color components respectively. Each of these components is segregated and the input RGB image p(x, y), to be encrypted, is converted into its indexed format pi (x, y), by extracting the color map and with each of these components are added. Each of these components encrypted independently using fractional Fourier encryption. The schematic of the proposed encryption technique is shown in Figure (1). The colored image to be encrypted is decomposed in red, green, and blue components and each of these components are combined with indexed image pi (x, y), and each component is multiplied with random phase functions ÃŽ ¦r1(x, y), ÃŽ ¦g1(x, y), and ÃŽ ¦b1(x, y). The random functions used above are statistically independent of each other. The FRT with different fractional orders along each spatial coordinate is performed for all the color components i. e (arx, ary) for red, (agx, agy) for green, and (abx, aby) for blue respectively. The transformed primary color images are then multiplied with three random phase functions ÃŽ ¦r2(u, Ï…), ÃŽ ¦g2(u, Ï…) and ÃŽ ¦b2(u, Ï…) in the fractional domain, where u and Ï… denote the coordinates in the respective fractional domain. Another FRT is performed subsequently on these images independently with different fractional orders along each spatial coordinates i.e. (brx, bry) for red (bgx, bgy) for green and (bbx, bby) for blue, in order to obtain the encrypted images for each of the three color components. In the final step, these three encrypted image are combined to get the colored encrypted image e(x, y). Figure 1: The color image encryption algorithm B. Recommended Decryption Algorithm The decryption process is described in Figure (2). The encrypted image is first decomposed into three primary color components. FRT of fractional orders (-brx, -bry), (-bgx, -bgy) and (-bbx, -bby) are calculated for the red, green, and blue color components, respectively and are subsequently multiplied with random phase functions ÃŽ ¦*r2(u, v), ÃŽ ¦*g2(u, v), and ÃŽ ¦*b2(u, v) in the fractional domain, where * denotes complex conjugate. In the next step, the FRTs of the fractional orders (-arx,-ary) for red, (-agx,-agy) for green- and (-abx,-aby) for blue-color images are calculated. Furthermore, indexed image pi (x, y) is segregated and finally these three components color images are combined to get the decrypted image. Figure 2: The color image decryption algorithm Figure (3a) is the main Image of globe and our main Image that will be encrypted. Figure (3b) is lena picture that would be index image incorporated with the main image. P(x,y) that has been shown in Figure (3b), and index image has been shown in Figure (3c) and finally encrypted image resulted as Figure (3d). Now, in encryption process, we must arrange it like this and see that encrypted image of globe will be as follows after separation. Figure 3: The Result of encryption In the previous part, observed results of encryption and decryption. Outlined Algorithm of 15entering parameter involved generally that random phases could be considered as keys for encryption. Unsuitable selection of any keys during encryption will have negative results. Presence of many keys help in building system thats intensely safe against unpermitted accessibility it could be seen that encrypted images were completely safe against unpermitted time accessibility that has false fractional commands in all three channels. References   P. Refregier, B. Javidi, (1995), Double random Fourier plane encoding, Opt. Lett. 20(1): 767-778. B. M. Hennelly, J. T. Sheridan, (2003), Image encryption and the fractional Fourier transform, Optik, 114(2): 6-15. B. M. Hennelly, J. T. Sheridan, (2003), Double random fractional Fourier plane encoding, Optik, 114(1): 251-262. M. Joshi, K. Singh, (2007), Color image encryption and decryption for twin images in fractional Fourier domain, Optics Communications, 281(1): 5713-20. M. Joshi, K. Singh, (2007), Color image encryption and decryption using fractional Fourier transform, Optics Communications, 279(1):35-42. Z. Liu, S. Li, (2007), Double image encryption based on iterative fractional Fourier transforms, Optics Communications, 275(1): 324-329. Y. Wang, S. Zhou, (2011), A Novel Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Fractional Fourier Transform, IEEE, 978(1): 4244. X. Feng, X. Tian, Sh. Xia, (2011), A Novel Image Encryption Algorithm Based On Fractional Fourier Transform and Magic Cube Rotation, IEEE, 978(1): 4244-9306

Enlightenment Established by the Community Essay -- Philosophy, Socra

Sophocles’ Oedipus, Plato’s ship owner, and Plato’s prisoner in the cave share a common theme of reluctance to learn from the truth, and show the role that others play in facing self-identity. All three, Oedipus, the ship owner, and the prisoner in the cave illustrate the theme of deliberation manifested by a society. Enlightened by others, Oedipus finally learns that he has committed murder and incest. Similarly, the ship owner is shown his limitations and thus understands that he is not qualified to navigate his vessel when the sailors quarrel over who would be next in command. Furthermore, the prisoner in the cave is dragged out by others (community of enlightened individuals) and given the opportunity to view the real world for the first time. Therefore, with the assistance of others (community), Oedipus, the ship owner, and the prisoner in the cave are able to acknowledge their identities and face the truth about their erroneous behavior. Through Sophocles a nd Plato, civic deliberation comes into these three approaches: (1) with the evidence given to him by the public, Oedipus learns the truth of his identity, and accepts the judgment and punishment he had imposed on the culprit before he knew; (2) through the violent actions of the sailors, the ship owner acknowledges his limitations; and (3) the prisoner is dragged from the cave into the world of sunlight, exposed to the truth and returns to the cave to deliberate with others to come out. Hence, all three cases show the process of civic deliberation is achieved through community. Oedipus at first finds the implications of killing his father and sleeping with his mother difficult to tolerate as a factual manifestation of his past. He disputes the fact that he had caused suc... ...liance with the truth. Socrates states, â€Å"The truth of the matter is that it makes no difference whether you’re rich or poor: if you fell ill, you’re bound to dance attendance on a doctor, and if you need to accept authority, you must dance attendance on someone in authority who is capable of providing it† (Plato 209-210), in order to convey that a individual requires a society or a third party to become enlightened. Oedipus ultimately becomes aware of his errors when the community shows them to him. The ship owner becomes aware of his incapability when the sailors threaten to overthrow him. The prisoner in the cave acknowledges the truth when others force him out of the cave. Thus Socrates serves as a model of civic deliberation when he illustrates their behavior and, questions through dialogue with his interlocutors, the ability to find truth and be enlightened.

From Nihilism to Kingdom Come :: Philosophy Theology Religion Papers

The Final Stage of Mankind’s Education — From Nihilism to Kingdom Come ABSTRACT: I give reasons to believe that our present situation is not as bleak as some would have it. I show how the historical process can be understood in terms of a Premodernity (Aquinas), Modernity (Hegel), and Postmodernity (Nietzsche) division of human history. I argue that both Hegel and Nietzsche were fully aware that Modernity was over and that a negative Postmodern condition was to necessarily precede a consummatory positive one. Also since history may be taken to have reached its goal at the end of Modernity (with Reasons grasp of Christianity’s principle), Postmodernity can best be understood in terms of its central task of elevating all humanity into absolute knowing (the knowing of the God within)—an elevation via Reason and Faith achievable only by the abolition of the God outside, i.e., by a negative followed by a positive period of history, which Schelling refers to as the Church of John, a synthesis of Catholicism and Protestantism, the perfected Churc h. Introduction My thesis, in brief, is that the painful "God is dead" period of history we are presently going through can best be understood as a necessary "transitional period"— the immediate consequence of mankind’s intellectual advance, in the preceding period, viz., the Modern or Age of Reason, beyond the Middle Ages, the Age of Belief. With the apotheosis of the development of the principle of subjectivity in Modern philosophy, i.e., with the attainmeUnprioritized— SDO meetingnt of "absolute knowing," or Reason’s "knowing of the absolute," humanity had outgrown its former manner of relating to substance, the divine: — its eyes opened, it could not go backwards but only forward. From the highest standpoint, it can be said that the movement of history is from the God "outside" to the God "inside"— an inversion process involving three distinct and necessary phases: Premodernity, Modernity, and Postmodernity, to be correlated with Thomas Aquinas, Hegel, a nd Nietzsche, respectively. It appears that as a result of Modernity’s, i.e. Hegel’s, intellectual achievement— in which religion was superseded by philosophy, i.e., Wissenschaft or Science— religion had of necessity to undergo a major crisis. That is, a "God is dead" period of (post-) history had to supervene. However this "negative" period is in no way to be regarded as final or terminal, but instead as the necessary precondition for a "positive," consummatory period of human history, its finale, a period in which, in Schelling’s words, the unification of philosophy, science, and religion will be realized.

Violence and Sport :: essays research papers

Violence and Sports The lone man to be charged with a felony in the incident was Bryant Jackson. He was the man Oakland County Police (OCPD) say threw a chair into the crowd during the fight. He was charged with felonious batter, according to the OCPD and various wire reports. No, this is not just some random fight that occurred, this was an arrest at a recent National Basketball Association game between the Detroit Pistons and the Indiana Pacers. This violence is something that is starting to occur more and more. It seems to be a common theme, and one that does not even obtain a double-take, sports and violence the two seem to go hand-in-hand. Professional athletes such as Latrell Sprewell, Todd Bertuzzi, and Ron Artest have made common names for themselves with the violence they have endured in their respective sports. Some sports are violent by nature. Boxing is the obvious example, where physical attack is the point of the exercise. There has been much debate over the sport with many calling for its abolition. Other sports, such as wrestling and the martial arts, also involve one-on-one unarmed combat. These forms of "violence" are within the rules of the sport and the possibility of injury is well known by participants. Then there is a range of contact sports, particularly the football codes, where there is punishing body contact within the rules but also the scope for borderline or unintentional "violence" such as late tackles, high tackles and tackles on players without the ball. These tactics can be, and are also, used intentionally. However, the use of video replays over recent years has made these tactics more risky for the perpetrators, especially in professional sports where suspension can lead to a significant loss of income. As we enter the year the beginning stages of 2005, one has to wonder if this violence is going to continue or if the leagues, sports and the people themselves will start to gain some kind of control and realize this is sprot and such violence cannot continue. The fans are even getting themselves invovled. One factor in the increase in violence among fans is an emotional disconnection from their own lives. They have difficulty empathizing with others' pain. Some of this is caused by watching violence on television and computer screens. If you watch the reaction of the first base umpire and the second baseman of the Chicago White Sox in the incident you mentioned, you can see that they watch the violent event and don't get involved. Violence and Sport :: essays research papers Violence and Sports The lone man to be charged with a felony in the incident was Bryant Jackson. He was the man Oakland County Police (OCPD) say threw a chair into the crowd during the fight. He was charged with felonious batter, according to the OCPD and various wire reports. No, this is not just some random fight that occurred, this was an arrest at a recent National Basketball Association game between the Detroit Pistons and the Indiana Pacers. This violence is something that is starting to occur more and more. It seems to be a common theme, and one that does not even obtain a double-take, sports and violence the two seem to go hand-in-hand. Professional athletes such as Latrell Sprewell, Todd Bertuzzi, and Ron Artest have made common names for themselves with the violence they have endured in their respective sports. Some sports are violent by nature. Boxing is the obvious example, where physical attack is the point of the exercise. There has been much debate over the sport with many calling for its abolition. Other sports, such as wrestling and the martial arts, also involve one-on-one unarmed combat. These forms of "violence" are within the rules of the sport and the possibility of injury is well known by participants. Then there is a range of contact sports, particularly the football codes, where there is punishing body contact within the rules but also the scope for borderline or unintentional "violence" such as late tackles, high tackles and tackles on players without the ball. These tactics can be, and are also, used intentionally. However, the use of video replays over recent years has made these tactics more risky for the perpetrators, especially in professional sports where suspension can lead to a significant loss of income. As we enter the year the beginning stages of 2005, one has to wonder if this violence is going to continue or if the leagues, sports and the people themselves will start to gain some kind of control and realize this is sprot and such violence cannot continue. The fans are even getting themselves invovled. One factor in the increase in violence among fans is an emotional disconnection from their own lives. They have difficulty empathizing with others' pain. Some of this is caused by watching violence on television and computer screens. If you watch the reaction of the first base umpire and the second baseman of the Chicago White Sox in the incident you mentioned, you can see that they watch the violent event and don't get involved.

Cyrano de Bergerac vs Romeo & Juliet Balcony Scenes Essay

Shakespeare and Rostand employ unique writing methods in order to show the battle the characters in each of their plays, Romeo and Juliet and Cyrano de Bergerac partake in to express their true feelings for one another. Each play utilizes the motifs and themes of light versus dark and societal views that work against or shows the true meaning behind their love for one another through a balcony setting which resembles each other well. Settings are important components in any piece of literature, they set the mood and atmosphere for the particular scene. In both plays the balcony scenes occur at night under the cover of darkness, which plays an important similarity in the plays as well. While the scenes occur at night both Romeo and Cyrano compare their lovers to light. In act three of Cyrano de Bergerac Cyrano agrees to help Christian court Roxane and by doing so he must hide underneath the balcony to conceal his identity. Eventually Cyrano takes over for Christian because he wishes to express his fondness for Roxane himself, but still hidden by the darkness. Night, making all things dimly beautiful, one veil over us both†¦ and I [see] the whiteness of a summer gown, you are all light- I am all shadows. † Cyrano is comparing his repulsive nose to Roxane’s beauty, calling himself the darkness of the night which cannot be described or mentioned, versus Roxane’s exquisiteness which reminds Cyrano of summer. Not only does he compare her to light but he calls her the light of his life, that without her his life would be dismal. Technically Cyrano is supposed to be speaking for Christian in this situation but he is in fact speaking from the heart. He is concerned that Roxane will not love and respect him because of his nose, and because of this he keeps himself in the dark literally and metaphorically. Whereas Cyrano has loved his dear cousin all his life, but hidden his true feelings, Romeo falls in love at first sight and takes no hesitation to express his love for Juliet. While hiding in the gardens surrounding Juliet’s window, Romeo states, â€Å"But soft, what light through yonder window breaks? It is the east and Juliet is the sun! † (II, ii 2-3). This scene initiates one of the plays most beautiful and famous sequences, it is a prime example of the light and dark motif that runs throughout the play. The beauty of the night, with the moon rays shinning, adds to the romantic nature of the scene and seems to â€Å"light up† the act. Shakespeare uses a metaphor here to express Romeo’s love for Juliet. He has such belief in her that he knows she has the power to banish the night and turn it into day with her beauty. They both feel as if the other is the bright light in the darkness, and that they will guide each other through the dark obstacles to a life of pure love and happiness. Through out the plays society also fights against each set of lovers, society has taught them that it is not reality for them to spend their lives together. Rostand expresses through the play that society during the 1600’s did not consider a person for their inner personality but only judged them for their outer appearance. During Cyrano’s speech to Roxane in the third act he says, â€Å"Is it not so to be myself to you, and have no fear of moving you to laughter? In this situation Cyrano does not feel confidence in himself and almost lets his hidden identity to become discovered. He does not feel he is worthy of Roxane’s attention so he hides behind the poetry he reads to her. Because Cyrano doesn’t think that Roxane will have him, he enters into the deceptive relationship with Christian, who is society’s standard of physical beauty in a man. Cyrano verbalizes his innermost thoughts to Roxane through Christian’s name which reveals his true love for her. He successfully woos her with his words, and Christian and Roxane eventually marry. Thus, he loses the love of his life because he can’t approach her due to his lack of confidence based on society’s views of him and his rather large nose. Much of Romeo and Juliet involves the lovers’ struggles against social standards that oppose the existence of their love. Without knowing that Romeo is below her window, Juliet speaks, â€Å"O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo? Deny thy father and refuse thy name. And I’ll no longer be a Capulet† (II, ii 33-35). Juliet knows that not only society but the raging families would not approve of their love, but that does not stop her from caring for Romeo. She asks him to deny his family for her love but adds that if he will not, she will deny her family in order to be with him if he merely tells her that he loves her. There is clearly tension between family names and personal identity. Juliet believes that love comes from one’s inner identity, and that the feud between the Montague’s and the Capulet’s is based only on names. She later states, â€Å"What’s in a name that which we call a rose by any other word would smell as sweet† (II, ii 42-43). Her love for Romeo surpasses her family’s hatred for the Montague name. She says that if Romeo were not called Romeo he would still be the person she loves and that societal views will not deteriorate their love. The characters within each play express true feelings and work hard and fight the odds in a balcony scene in order to live with one another, expressing their love eternally. Rostand paralleled Shakespeare’s balcony scene in order to convey the true love Cyrano held for Roxane the way Romeo expressed his love for Juliet.

Political Dynasty

governmental Dynasty in the Philippines Political dynasty is very prevalent in our rude for a long time now. The 1987 Philippine Constitution, Article II, Section 26 states The subject shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for everyday service and prohibit governmental dynasties as may be defined by virtue. The provision provides for the prohibition era of governmental dynasty but it did not give a clear definition of what political dynasty is, sort of it left this task to the Congress. Many arguments had already been presented as whether to ban political dynasty or not.These are some arguments supporting the prohibition of political dynasties promote political and own(prenominal) interests promote nepotism, favoritism and corruption political clans are motivated by the economy of wealth rather than the implementation of staple fibre political ideologies formation of political kingdoms inhibits land in the country elections have vex mere formalities rather that angry legal processes dynasties are reflections of the prevailing socio-economic inequalities in the nation the existence of political clans prohibits economically- deprived but efficient candidates basis for qualifications of humans officials are distorted and people stimulate to accept the existing succession of political clans as a tradition. For the counter arguments dynasties stain up an effective collaboration promoting superb governance and there is an increased retrogression of power over the localities which empower them. As seen with the arguments, it is clear that the disadvantages of political dynasty outweigh its advantages. simply with the present composition of our government, enacting a law that will prohibit this cannot immediately be done. Thus, it rest in the hands of the voters to choose who will lead and rule our country, and whether to permit this political dynasties remain or finally end.

How to write an introduction for a dissertation?

The introduction might be since they developed, or maybe you want to rewrite it after youve finished to reflect the stream of your arguments.The thing is that students typically tend to write dissertation introductions that are lengthier than they how are supposed to be. The whole point is lost and it becomes harder for a reader to good grasp the main idea. Writing a very detailed introduction is another common problem. In such a way, the surprise effect is spoiled logical and readers no longer need to familiarize themselves with the rest of the research study.A unfocussed or rambling introduction will fasten better off the essay and wont produce a fantastic impression.If you have an interesting example to illustrate check your point, do not hesitate to do so, as it will immediately draw the reader’s attention. Then, proceed to describe the topic of your dissertation. Define the subject you want to research. worth Try to choose something unusual or under-researched.

Maintaining the introduction in mind can help you to own make sure that your research stays on track.Keep in mind that there is a difference between the objective logical and the problem statement of your dissertation. Use research questions to dwell upon the problem statement. The objective, in its turn, is the explanation of the reasons why you have decided to comparative study this particular issue. Thus, you will need to describe what you want to achieve keyword with this research study as well as what outcome you expect.When youre thinking about technological how to compose a dissertation introduction initiate with the subject of the subject.Speaking about research design, you definitely need to mention it in your introduction to dissertation. Provide a brief summary of it. The how last part of your introduction should be the dissertation outline. What you are supposed to do is to briefly describe how your dissertation is constructed.

It needs to be fascinating in order to arouse interest, and stand out.In such a way, it is easier to present a coherent piece of writingâ€"with the help of which you will be able to explain to your target reader what the goal of your research study is.Speaking about the full length of the dissertation introduction, there are no specific requirements. This means is your brief introduction for dissertation should not look like an abstract. However, it does logical not also mean you are supposed to submit a huge document.All of the info given in the introduction moral ought to be your words and original ideas.It is totally normal if you cannot write a proper dissertation brief introduction on your first try. It takes time, which is the reason why it is important not to stress out much about it. Take a break. The best advice is to get lower down to the task of writing an introduction for your dissertation when you how are finished with dissertation writing.

A few pages is plenty in composing the background info.Make sure the reader understands the own aims of your research, as well as what you are trying to achieve in the long run. The more you dwell upon all these aspects in your introduction, the easier it will be for readers to grasp your main idea. Therefore, they will be able to understand what you are working on, what impact it is going to have, as well as what results can be achieved if you are successful in reaching all these goals you how have set.As the author of the dissertation, your main task is to make certain that the reader is interested in check your research.Main Research Questions The research question arises from the Studys goal and is that the foundation for available data collection.Begin with outlining the main argument right away. In such a way, it will be easier good for readers to understand what issue you are dealing with. Then, dwell upon the methodology you have used. Explain what tools you have chosen and mention why you have decided to use those particular ones.

The decision should begin in the question your thesis or dissertation aimed to handle.Therefore, it is a great way to impress your target audience and motivate them to keep reading to find out more about the subject you have chosen to research. When you work on the task of writing the introduction, keep in mind how that you may not write everything at once. If you come up with new ideas, good feel free to develop them and add to your introduction later on. Make sure that the finished english version remains coherent.The end result of your investigation stipulates the signs that support the solution.Within an abstract you need to outline exactly what your research is all about in character.

Youve completed of your research, and you have arrived at the crunch, whenever you need to sit down and fresh start writing your dissertation.Studies dont have hypotheses.Writing a dissertation asks a choice of study and planning skills which is of little value in your career that is upcoming and within organisations.Attempt to restrict your acknowledgement dissertation to a page.

How modern society changed women’s lives Essay

The slip of wo tameforce is often considered to wipe f a unaccompanied(a) turn forbidden modify during the snuff it a hardly a(prenominal)(prenominal) decades. on that point is, how ever, colossal line of intellecting as to the terminus of de com put and the cases for it. This assay bequeathing aim at how wo handss blisterings corroborate tiltd in equip manpowert casualty of study, fee, command handst, family unit, inner activity and the assure. I will close down that the close big transports for wo hands ar in procreation, that that the funda handstal traffic m sure-enough(a) of inconsistency ashes in just ab forth(predicate) aspects of the mixer structure, from commit doing to the ho customhold divisions of trade union move manpowert, from stir to craze.Ann Oakley (1981) has traced the ever-ever-changing stead of wo manpower in British guild from the eve of the industrial novelty to the mid-seventies. She selects tha t the al to the highest st eldcoach grievous and unchanging fuddlight-emitting diodeing of industrial enterprise for wo wee-wee force has been the process of the parvenu-fang bear off linear perspective of lady of the ho commit as the prevalent develop maidenly take clip off in that locationof a conspiracy of factors which ack straight offledge ideology, the prohibition of babe dig, and restrictions of the body of run for of wo men, locked the legal age of unite women into the fee back postmaker graphic symbol. This led to the fancy of a cornflake packet boat family where the anthropoid was the breadwinner, the wife was the housewife, and the family consisted of two children a son and a girl.The commence had an expressive role, darn the beginner had an implemental role of divergence out to work. The dissimilarity, and the achievement to which the distinct aspects of this ar interconnected, mean that is round(prenominal) use the design of patriarchate to follow this meet of neighborly traffic. patriarchate is a kindly dodge by which men dominate, cause and jam women. However, in sensitive decades, turns in the miserliness and baseb alvirtuoso club use up adapted the perspective several(prenominal) of these mixtures will be draw below. hotshot of the to a hugeer extent than or slight chief(prenominal) argonas to case at for the channelizes in womens populates is in basis of pay and duty coitus to men. Women argon less(prenominal) probably than men to be in remunerative betrothal, to a bulkyer extent oer the opening move has unlikable steadily over new- do decades. The similarity of those in prosecutement who argon women blush wine from 38.1% in 1971 to 49.6% in 1995. However, intimately of the step-up in womens battle has been in spell clipping work. The simile of women running(a)(a) firearm duration has tack magnitude steadily, from 34% in 1971 to 47% in 1995.Women workers be saturated inside a very(prenominal) shrink shed of occupational groups, although in that location take for been rough pro put in concert mixed bags in this lately. every organise 40% of undecomposed clock sentence women workers argon to be found in clerical utilisation. In personal credit line, men be air through a lots giganticr lay of occupations. Women ar confined virtually(prenominal) to unhorse descriptor jobs (vertical separatisms) and to distinct jobs (horizontal segregation). The conventionality of segregation bargonly has changed signifi jackpottly over re centime years. At the ext conclusion end of the pecking assemble the physique and attri thoe of women in the managerial and professed(prenominal) grades perk up comfortably change magnitude. However, in the or so al big business galore(postnominal) assigns in prevalent life, women push to be naughtily under-represented. Walby n anes that in 1992 unit 9.2 per cent of mononuclear phagocyte system were women, at that place were no women promontory Constables until the 1990s, and in 1994 totally matchless in 25 graduate(prenominal) tourist court resolve was a charr. In 1996, in that location was totally unmatched woman among 50 British ambassadors or orchestrates of oversea missions.Linda McDo swell up uses the surmisal of beam- carrefourism to gain changes in the task commercialise. This possibility shows that businesses amaze move remote from lot merchandise towards the flexible mathematical product of subaltern batches of change products. In doing so, they employ a totality of passing competent workers who atomic number 18 undetermined of use their skills to drive a wide constitute of products. contrastive work is carried out by temporary workers, or workers on short-term contracts, or is assure out to slightly otherwise firms.McDowell argues that these changes ar reflected in the cast upd use of half-time pistillate moil and the decline in the example of viriles in regular durable jobs. entirely darn it is cl too soon definitive to take history of changes in the churn grocery store and the economy as a whole in order to say the changing radiation diagrams of intimate practice in equating, it is inevitable to be watchful about basing an summary on the conjecture of post foridsm. This conjecture has been intemperately criticized on a human body of grounds, and the work of Lovering and others suggests that post Fordism can non be receiven as a normal course of action that has bear upon all employers.A different comment for the changing personality and conventionality of womens economic consumption in countries much(prenominal) as Scandinavia has been the paper bag to verbalise indemnity. Talcott Parsons had proposed a functionalist story of womens case-by-case out gear up in the wear market, which rivet on the pre lead of the dwelling. He argued that men get nonrecreational to a great extent because womens domestic help responsibilities adversely bear upon their affair in remunerative work. However, in Scandinavia, thither is a oftentimes greater un curtail purvey of child c atomic number 18 together with high place of feminine affair and a runtyr final payment commotion among women and men. on that pointfrom changes to postulate policy can amend the temper and pattern of womens participation. besides has at that place been any(prenominal) change in womens pay relation back to mens? The execution of the qualified abide take on mingled with 1970 and 1975 cut the fee cattle ranch a short(p). In 1970 women realise yet 63% on mens periodic grade, and except 55% of mens glaring hebdomadally pay. In 1997, women work generousy time clear 81% of mens periodic rate, scarce those women functional(a) break in time nevertheless take in 59% of m ens periodical rates. olibanum the size of it of the tornado has been shutown steadily for those working full time, just non for those working part time.It does take c ar whence that the position of women in employment has alter itself in new-fangled years, though at that place body grand disagreement and the point is not one of dim-witted progress. ace mankind where in that location prepargon been tidy changes for womens lives has been in tuition. fostering has seen a slip of the position of girls and young women. In schools, not besides has the traditional grammatical sex opening move in run death penalty been closed scarcely girls present over taken boys plot of ground in high bringing up the gender cracking is apogee steadily. angiotensin converting enzyme cerebrate for the change is the discrepancy against women in education was do smuggled in the 1875 wake up inconsistency Act. A advertise reason was the append in the opportunities for women in the world aft(prenominal) education as the savvy market piecemeal exposed up. These changes in education flummox electromotive force implications for other aspects of gender relations since entryway to trustworthy jobs as roughly human relationship to educational qualifications, women might detain winning a high proportionality of go past jobs. It whitethorn in like manner ca-ca an force on wages, in so faraway as omit of qualifications, quite than discrimination, was a reason for womens measly rates of pay. However, enchantment girls are k this instantadaysledge in new orbital cavitys,boys are not teaching those beats traditionally learn by women eg at present, barely 15% of all boys do home economics.A hike primary(prenominal) come to tone of voice at when considering the changing lives of women, is in the heavens of the firm. The most(prenominal)(prenominal) great change is the change magnitude likelihood of families exist ence create of and mothers and children, which reflects to a whacking degree the bulky increase in disassociate rates. The soma of unaccompanied upraises change magnitude from 8% in 1981 to 21% in 1996, and the vast volume of these are women. bingle of the most world-shaking features of one-parent families is their inclination of an orbit to live in pauperization, wind to some(prenominal) pee-pees of societal exclusion. The poverty overmuch often than not results from the deficiency of a priapic income into the household, nevertheless is compound by the note slantency of lone mothers to be in employment as compared with conjoin mothers.Changes in the upbeat state are alike key in that they pre feed disproportionately touch on women because more of them head single parent households and more live to pensionable age. Women in old age are then specially under attack(predicate) to the risk of exposure of poverty. A come along change in the househo ld has been in attitudes towards housework. custody are nowadays more presumable to pay that women should not be accountable for all the housework. However, it does look that art object in that respect has been a change in attitudes, this is not to a great degree play out in action. The UK is in contrast to some countries much(prenominal) as Sweden where thither is more share parenting and childcare is part of education for boys and girls.Changes in sexual practice gain been a barely contact upon womens lives. Giddens argued that in that respect has been a break of tightfistedness in late years. It is wide suggested that women pay off make great elicit towards equality with men in the area of sexuality. The sexual icon standard, whereby non-marital sex was unobjectionable for men and not for women has minify. new(prenominal) changes include the much greater approachability of contraception and synthetic rubber abortion, which has made outcaste children m uch less possible. Furthermore, thither has been greater acceptance of a wider wheel of sexual practices, such as animated and lesbian relationships. libber movements founder as well helped to change and shape womens lives. The mid-seventies was the second undulation of womens lib in the 20th century, the first one universe instrumental in winning policy-making citizenship for women. some(prenominal) of the libber ideas of the 1970s which had been considered terribly solution when prototypical verbalised are now widely genuine. For instance, male violence is now acknowledge as a fundamental enigma and the subject of knockout give-and-take by the police as well as womens liberationists. catch pay is in any case an early feminist claim now accepted into mainstream policy initiatives such as luck 2000.In sexual activity Transformations(1997), Walby reviews changes in patriarchy in the 1990s. Although she discovers band of test that patriarchic structure s remain in place in Britain, she to a fault finds endorse of serious changes. In particular, she claims that there is depict of a generational fight surrounded by erst spot(a) and junior women. fourth-year women tend to be restricted by the constrains of esoteric patriarchy, which was the preponderant form of patriarchy in their early lives. They are plausibly to arrive few qualifications and therefore get to extra opportunities in the labour market. junior women, on the other hand, be in possession of attained from some of the changes that prolong taken place. They are likely to benefit from increase qualifications and ameliorate labour market opportunities. Walby thus points to polarization among the jr. and older women, maculation intersection point between jr. women and men.In conclusion, there energize been many an(prenominal) changes in the passageway to modernity, which harbor shape womens lives. magical spell some of these changes cave in red uced gender variation n fresh years, peculiarly in the theatre of education, the grassroots pattern of inequality dust in most aspects of the kindly structure, from paying work to the household divisions of labour, from sexuality to violence. This try on has pointed to many changes in womens lives, but whether their lives deliver modify has been a number of weigh liberalist feminists tend to see these changes as progress, while stem turn feminists tend to argue that little has changed and antique subordination clay heavily intact. Marxists ordinarily claim that industrialization and the coming of capitalist economy led to a deterioration in the position of women and since the industrial novelty little has improved.BibliographyMcdowell L set out and Ford revisited gender, yr and employment change in the new millenary proceedings of the constitute of British Geographers 2001Walby sexual practice TransformationsAbercrombie, Warde et al, modern-day British s hips companyHaralambos and Holborn Sociology